Chapter 16, Item 145a
Tortoise
The like device to this may be used to force draw bridges to fall down, by a Tortois of brass, which made hollow about 5 Inches a foot broad and 2 Inches thick, Joyned one against the other, and filled with powder, so by thrusting these two dishes between the bridge and the posts, to which it is locked and then fired, will rent the bridg from the posts let the locks and barrs be neuer so strong.
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Chapter 16, Item 158a
Fort types
Fortifications haue bine aunciently made three maner of wayes and with as may sorts of materialls as first with Timber and wood as I haue shewed in numb. 154.
The second is with earth and sodds, or Turfs, of which these are made and the succeeding numb.159.
The third is with ston both rough and hewn: also of burnt brick: of which se numb 160.
But as all beginning are wont to be, so this of Fortification was altogather simple and vnskilfull, till at last art conquering it selfe found out that way of defence which we now use. At first they raised their walls to such an height as might seeme to deny the enimy an easie ascent by his leaders. The breadth was able to containe 6 or 7 ranks of Armes men ... But this structure had two faults in it, and both very dangerous. The first that the defendants standing on the wall without any shelter or couert lay open to the enimy. The other was that the enimy approaching vnder the wall, was soe secured by the wall, that he could not be hurt by the defendants which stood on high ouer him.
These Errours were remedied by building a brest worke throughout vpon their wall, the top whereof was distinguished by Battlements, which were open places at certaine distances, or Intervals where the defendants being couered with the Battlements could beate of the enimy. And to prevent the other, they caused loopholes to be cut in the wall at a man's height from the ground throw which the enimy was anoyed, that sheltered vnder the wall.
To these kind of streight runing walls, was at length added Flancquing, or side defence (still keeping the Battlements and loopholes) which was square Turrets that run out behind the thicknesse of the wall: soe adding to the fore-right defence, a side or fflancquing defence, which was in former tymes onely then in use.
But these side defences were found imperfect, because the enimy could be hid vnder them: besides square Towers were not thought able enough to bear the brunt of Engines and Battering Rams; therefore they slighted them, and made all their Towers round, so that the enimy had much lesse space to hid themselues, and that so little that he could hardly traverse his battering engine within it, but with much hazzard. And also the round forme of the Turret was found to stand more firme then any othere against the force of the Batteries.
And here the art and endevour of the Auncients rested till gunpowder being found, then round towers went suspected because the triangle of the fore-side was found large enough to shelter pioniers, being the flanking defence, was able but to scoure but one point of the round towers. For round bodyes cannot be touched by right lines, but in one point only.
To preuent this mischeife, this way of defence was found out, to turne the walls into Ramparts, and the round towers into Bulworks, fitted with face and flancque; and encloseing the whole fortification with right and streight lines, so that it is now brought to that passe, that the enimy let him stand where he will, shall lie open to the shott of the defendants, and all the parts of the fortifications mutually defend one another.
Being now about this last maner of Fortification I shall first giue you the names or terms used for euery part of these fortifications as they are delineated and drawne out to your view, and in the last place giue you the explenation of the termes that are used in the Rules and principles of the Art.
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Chapter 16, Item 158b
Fortifications
The Ichnographick or Orthographick Termes or words of Art for the lines and parts of Fortifications [Illustrations from page 98 of the printed text]
First for the parts or places of Fortifications.
d. a. d. is the face of the Bastion, or Bulworke: the Angle flanked: of some termed an halfe moone, or mount.
ff. the whole Bulk or body of the Bastion; or the centre of the Bulworke.
e.d. the Flankes or the shoulder: or the line of the flanke: or casement, or thicknesse of the shoulder, the streich, or wing of fighting, as the Dutch call it.
e. e. is the courtine; the Line; or Ball as the Germans call it or face of the fort.
o. o. o. o. are the portholes in the bulworke throw which the great guns are discharged.
h. h. h. is the Rampart, on which the brest worke is made.
i. i. i. Are the cavalaroes.
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Chapter 16, Item 158c
Fortification lines and angles
The Lines of Fortifications
[Illustrations from page 98 of the printed text]
From a. to a. are the side of the exterior poligon.
From f. to f. are the sides of the interior poligon; that is from corner to corner of the figure, whether it be quaderangle 5. 6. 7. or more angulare.
From c. to a. is the radius of the exterior poligon; the grand semi-diameter, as the French call it; the line proceeding from the center to the outside of any figure.
From c. to a. is the Radius of the interior poligon, or the lesser diameter.
From f. to a. be the capitale lines, or head lines of the bastion.
From e. to d. are the lines of defence, which scowre the face of the Bulworke to a.
From f. to e. is the shoulder or neck, or Gorge as the French terme it.
From a. to b. is the Halfe base or demi-base or semi-basis.
From g. to e. is the compliment.
The Angles of Fortifications.
From c. to f. are the Angles of (or from) the center, the midle point angle.
f. f. f. the angles of the figure.
d.d. the angles of the Bastion or Bulwork, which are distinguished by the dexter, or sinister angle of the bastion.
a. a. the angles of the face of the bastion.
d. and e. the Flanking angles, or the angles of the face and flanke.
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Chapter 16, Item 158d
Town fortifications
To the Fortification of a Town belong these things.
Walls, or mud walls, or ston walls.
Trenches, ditches about the walls.
Pitt falls, deep holes before the trenches.
Rampiers, or Bulworks.
Palisadoes, railes, pales, or piles with sharp tops.
Purlews.
Watch towers, Turretts, Fortresses. portcullices, Gates and Barrs, with strong locks.
Draw bridges,
Halfe moons &c.
A good Granary or store house.
A great Magazine.
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Chapter 16, Item 161a
Military architecture
The termes of Military Architecture expounded.
Military Architecture, is a science how to defend and fortifie a place against the force of an enimy.
A Fortification, is a place haueing such a circumference, that each part receiues from other parts a Flancqueing, or a side defence.
A Fortification by nature, are townes and castles which are situated in some high or abrupt place, which are almost invincible by reason of the rocks which ly vnder them. Or being encompassed with the sea, Lakes or riuers, &c.
A Fortification by Art or Hands: is in imitation of nature, by making and placeing walls and ramparts in stead of rocks and mountaines; and digging moats or ditches, where the sea or riuers are wanting.
To delineate a Fortification, is to describe the outlines of it.
A Regular Fortification, is such a plot as hath all its parts equall, and alike placed.
A Regular figure, is that which hath equall sides and angles, such is the quaderangle as numb. 158.
About which a circle may be circumscribed.
An Irregular fort or fortification is that as is built on an irregular figure.
An Irregular figure, is that which hath neither sides nor angles equall.
A Bulwork or Bastion, is that part of the fort which most of all runs into the field.
The Flanks of the Bulwork.
The Parapet, is the step or riseing of the foot of the brest work where the souldiers stand to fire.
The face of the Bastion or Bulwork.
The Gorge or neck of the Bulwork.
The capitall lines.
The courtine.
The Orillon, or eares or the Bulworke, is when the Flanques are not streight but goe in with an incurved line. But the use of these are almost out of date. Se numb.160.
The Flank couvert, is the space betweene the Orillons and the courtine.
The Flanque prolonged.
The sector or scale, is the number of feet by which the fort is delineated by.
The Front or surface.
The spurres in the wall.
The fitched line, or fitchant line of defence, is the line that runs from the corner of the courtine, to the point of the face of the bulwork.
The flanking line of defence, is the line from the midle of the courtine which runs parallell with the line of the face of the Bulwork.
The Flanque of the courtine, called the second Flanque, it is that part of the curtine which lies betweene the flanque of the Bastion and the flanking line of defence.
The sides of the inward polygon, or figure, are the inside lines from whose corners the Bastions are drawne.
The side of the outward poligon, is the distance of the points betweene two Bastions.
The Radius of the inward Polygon, is the distance betweene the angle of the polygon, and the center of the figure.
The Radius of the outward polygon or figure, is the distance from the center of the poligon to the point of the out Bulworke.
The angle of the center, is the angle that proceeds from two angles of the figure to the centre thereof.
The angle of the Figure, is the seuerall corners of the inside of the Bulworks: from the courtine to the angle of the poligon, and from thence to the next curtine corner.
The Angle of the Bulwork called the Flanque angle, is the seuerall corners of the face of the Bulworke.
The angle of the Flanke, and flanking line of defence, are the halfe courtine lines, with either flanker of the Bulworke. The French call the Inner flanking angle line or the Treuailles angle.
The angle determining the flanque, is the angle in the face of the bulwork.
A fort Royall, is that whose fichant lines do not exceed a musket shot, and is used in most fortifying citties, and great places.
A midle sort of fort Royall, is that whose fichant lines do not exceed muskett shot, but the distance of the Bulwork more.
A lesser sort of fort Royall, is that whose Bulworks are distant just musket shott.
Fort or castle, are the least sort of fortifications.
A Sally Port a small doore for souldiers to goe privetly out and in by, to allarum, or beat vp quarters, a Port or place of entrance.
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Chapter 16, Item 161b
Fortification orthography
The Termes of the Orthography of a Fortification; with their explanations.
The Orthography of a Fort, is the description of a fortification in which all the parts are set forth as to the heights, thicknesse and position of each perticular.
[Illustrations from page 98 of the printed text. The first two are not directly referred to.]
The Profile or vpright of a fortification, with its dimensions as height and breadth.
Icnography of a trench is the description of it as to forme and place and parts.
The canons, or principle rules of fortification, or maxims, are the formes and measures, with its parts, according to the designe of the fort.
A Rhyneland foot, is the measure by which all fortifications are made by.
It containeth -
An Hercotectonick table is such as expresses proportion, and numbers of feet for forts to be made by.
An Ingineer such as delineats and orders the maner of fortifications.
An Architect, or Architecter, of Military designes.
A medall or forme of a fort. A Moddell.
A Polygon, the figure of a fort with many corners.
A Trigon, a figure of a fort with three corners.
A Tetragon, of foure corners or Bastions.
A Pentagon, of five corners.
A Hexagon, a figure of a fort of six Bulworks or Bastions.
An Heptagon. Or eptagon, of seaven corners.
An Henneagon, or Enneagon, or Nonagon a fort of nyne corners.
A Decagon, of ten corners.
An Endagon, of eleven corners.
A Dodecagon or duodecagon, of twelfe corners or Bulworks.
A data or datum, is the plott shewn or giuen for the skilfull Ingineere to work vpon, which may be varied according to discresion without preiudice to the maxims of fortification.
A Trignometrie, a way of resolveing the measure of all triangle figures , whether plaine Irregular or sphericall.
The Scholium, a Commentary or short exposition of Fortifications.
A Rampart, is a Body of earth surrounding the whole fortification, it includes also the Bulworks. A.
The breadth of thicknesse of the base of the Rampar. B. C.
The thicknesse of the top of the Rampar. D.
The outward sloaping, or Rectination of the Ramapar. D.E.
The outward Talu or line formeing the sloap of the Rampar. Marked by F. C.
The inward sloaping or Rectination of the Rampar. G.B.
The height of the Rampar. G.H.
The Brest worke, or Parapett of the Rampar. It is a bulk of earth surrounding the whole fortification, raised vpon the Rampar to a man's height. E. I.
The thicknesse of the base of the brest worke. I. F.
The thicknesse of the top of the brest worke. E.D.
The sloap, or inclination of the top of the brest worke. E.D.
The outward sloaping, or rectination of the brest work: which is in a direct or straight line with the outward sloap of the Rampar. D. F. C.
The outward Talu, or line formeing the sloap of the brest work. I. F.
The inward sloap or rectination of the brestwork. E. K.
The inward Talu or line formeing the inward sloap of the brest work. E. I.
The Banquet, or step of the brest work. I. K.
The Plaine or Terrepleine or walk vpon the Rampar. G.I.
The Fausse Bray; or the round parapett. It is a brest-worke raised round the fort at the foot of the Rampar principally used for the defence of Moats, or wet ditches, and is in all things like to the vpper brestwork. Q.
The Plain or walk of the fauss Bray. N.O.
The Backside of the ditch. R.O. called also the Lisier, or Bank side.
The ditch or moate. T.
The escarpe or inward sloaping descent of the ditch. R. S.
The inward Talu, or line formeing the inward sloap of the ditch. R. P. S.
The counterscarpe, or gallary of the ditch, or outward sloaping descent of the ditch. P. S.
The outward Talu, or line formeing the outward sloap of the ditch.
The lower width of widnesse of the ditch. S.
The profunditiy or depth of the ditch. S.
The vpper width, or breadth of the ditch. R.P.
The covert way. P. Q.
The brest work of the covert way. V. Q.
The Base of the Brest work of the covert way. Q.
The outward sloaping of the brest work of the covert way. V. W.
The Rampar cased with ston or brick.
The Perimeter, the line that passeth throw the midle of the width of the ditch. X.
[Small illustrations from page 98 of the printed text]
A Ravelin or Targett is a bulk of earth almost like a Bulworke cut off, except that it wants flanks, it is surrounded with water, and seperated from the fortification by the breadth of the whole ditch. Figure 1.
An Halfe Moone, or Helmett: it is a Raveline, with a cressent forme on that side which lies toward the Bulwork. They are used most in irragular fortifications. Figure 2.
Horne-workes, are out works that run onto the field with two straight lines obiecting two halfe Bulworks. [Figure 3?.]
Tongues, they are outworks that differ from Horn-works only in this, that in two halfe Bulworks they haue only an acute angle: and this sort is called the Single Tongue: it is called a double Tongue work, when it hath two outward angles with one inward. This kind of fort is termed Tenailes, se figure 4.
The crown-work, that work is called soe, when it hath on both sides two halfe Bulworks, and in the midle one or more whole ones. Therefore it is the part of some regular fortification; and seemes to haue it name giuen it, because it compasseth part of the fortification. Figure 5.
A double or Triple Bulwork, is a Moat or bulk of earth, composed of seuerall bulworks placed one aboue an other, and is built commonly in steep places, such as the sides of hills, that when the enimy cometh vp, though he cannot be touched with the lowest yet he may be hurt by the second, and after from the third. Se figure 6.
The Forked, or cut Bulworks, are such as whose angle is cut off between too acute, and is changed into an externall angle, or two internall angles. See figure 7. 10. Termed a Bastion cut off with a Tenail.
Halfe Bulworks, or demy Bastions, are the halfe of Bastions or Bulwork cut streight throwe the outward midle of the work, from the face angle to the neck of it. They are used in Horne works and crowne works, and also in many other places. Figure 8. 10.
An externall Angle is that which is made of two lines runing inward towards the center of the place; called also the retired Angle, on the contrary the Internall or inward Angle, is that which is made by the sides runing forth towards the feild from the center of the figure or place. Figure 9.
Angular Tongues, haue squares or other fortified angles in the acute externall Angle of the tongue-work, or in right lines; but not so convenient in obtuse ones. 10.
Plain Moles, are square workes made in the outward obtuse angles to strengthen them; but not so fitly used in acute or right ones. Figure 11.
The halfe plain Mole, is a kind of flanqueing corner, it is set out on one side of the externall Angle, it being longer then the other, and exceeding muskett shott. Figure 12.
Inward Angles, or Angles Avanced, may be taken instead of Angular tongues, or the plain Mole, and are for the defence of externall angles, whether they be acute or obtuse. 13.
The midle or simple defence, is a single flanqueing line, set in a fortification, far otherwise then it is in courtines which are placed betweene two flanquers. Figure 14.
A Retrenchment, is a part of a worke cut off from the whole worke which can be no longer defended and yet it is like the whole. Such Retrenchments are Horne workes, Ravelins, Tongues and such like. Accordingly figures may be perfected. Se 15.
Plain Bulworks, are such which are not made vpon angles, but vpon a right line, and are used in the strengthening of lines vpon riuer sides, and courtaines that are ouer long. 16.
Cavaliers, or cavaleroes. Places beside euery Bulwork, by which they ascent to the rampart. Staires.
The Area of a place, the plot of ground on which the fortification is made.
The Terraplane or walk of the Rampire.
A Bastion cut off, are such whose Gorges as are in a right line with the two points of the flanks. Figure 18.
A counter Guard, which is a demy Bastion built in some watery place before the main Bastion, as figure 18.
A Bonnet, is an advanced work like a Ravelin, it is always placed beyond the counter scarp.
A plaine Redoubt, a square fort made for a court of guard in a trenches and of these kinds some called star redoubts of 4. 5. 6. Or more points as figure 9. 19.
A Cittadel, is a small or narrow fortress, or a place made to defend, or secure a Towne, or Citty. A Garrison.
Palisadoes, are piles of wood with sharp ends, set either vpright or out of walls to keep of scaleing ladders.
Stacadoes, or stakadoes, are stakes set vp in the way to stop or hinder the passage.
Barricado, is to stop vp a way, to hinder an enimyes pursuite by throwing great trees crosse the passage, and draw carts, harrows and plowes into the way. Streets or lanes made vp.
Turn-pikes, or Gates of a Fortification, which generally are made with palasadoes fixed to the outside of them, numb.161.
Railes. Se numb.161.
Gates with locks and Barrs.
Purcullices, see ca.13. numb.17.
Pit-falls, deep holes variously made before a fortification to keep the enimy from speedy stormeing the workes.
Bridges, passages ouer water, ditches and large moates.
Chandeliers, frames to lay fagots or long brush wood in.
Mantelets, Blinds made of Boards musket proof either with one or two sides runing like a wheel-barrow, or on trucks vnder which souldiers may work safely.
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Chapter 16, Item 161c
Military terms
Military termes belonging to Fights and besieging of Citty's and Towns.
Order, Motion, or Moueing, or Marching an army: also motion is a terme used in souldiers postures, in handling their Armes.
Alt, or Halt, or stand, of the Army.
Distance, how fare one souldier shall stand form an other either to muster or fight. As files each man to be one pace from the other; and in Rankes, 3 paces for foot; and 6 paces for horse.
Equipage, and army in good equipage, is to be well furnishes with all things behoofefull for an Army, as victuall, clothes, Armes, Artillary and Amunition.
Rendez-vous, the place of the whole Armes meeting, and ioyneing togather in one body. Randevous.
Muster, is the calling the souldiers together to see they be in good order and to receiue their pay.
Champaine or campe, the place where the Army is encamped.
Corps du gard, or court of gard, or Gard, the place where the cheife gard is kept, from whence rounds and grand rounds are continually sent to keepe other gards watchfull.
Sentinells or sentery, are watchmen set on the sentery within the Garrison. Seuerall watchmen in diuerse places, on their gard.
The Word, or watch word, by which souldiers passe, and know one another.
Perdues or sentinell perdues, are such watchmen as are set with out the fortifications or worke, to discouer approaches in the night tyme.
Rounds are the first sent from the court of gard to se that all the watches and sentinells be carefull in their seuerall places.
Counter-rounds.
Grand round, when the cheife officers at the Gard walkes the round, which is towards the morning watch.
Pad round.
A Garrison is a place kept by souldiers where there is watch and ward day and night.
Forrage, plunder, is provision and other necessaries taken out of the countrey woods or fields where an Army lyeth, either by horse or foot to ly vpon or to couer their hutts.
Ambsucado, Ambush, or souldiers lying in waite to fall vpon an enimy vnawares.
Skutes.
Spies.
Pickeer.
Alarum, a calling to armes, by reason of the sudden approach of the enimy.
Skirmishe.
Sally, is to come out of a town and fight those that besiege them.
Fights, Battles, when both Armies meet, and fight togather; when whole Armyes are engaged in fight.
Reserves, wings or Batalia's set apart to help where neede requires.
A Rout, when the souldiers are baiten back, or put out of Battle array, or in a confusion that they know not how to fight.
Ralley.
Put to Flight, when an enimy is ouerborne, or put to the worst or so beaten that he runs away.
Pursuite, the following of an enimy, put to Flight.
Retreat.
Pillage, the goods and Amunition of the conquered, gotten by the conquerour. All the Booty of the field.
Bootie, prey, spoile of an enimy, are goods and riches gotten by fighting.
Baggage or Bag and Baggage.
Carriages as cart waggons to carry necessaries in for the use of an Army.
Artillery or Traine of Artillary: are all the Great Guns drawne in an Army. A larg Traine are many Guns.
Magazine, the store house for powder, Match and Bullets: also it is taken for the things them selues; a good Magazine is well stored with Armes, shott and powder, &c.
Ammunition, is all things necessary for an Army.
Runagado, a Fugitive, one that runs from his colours, is afraid to fight.
Stragler, one that loyters, and cometh after an Army: that will not keep company with his comrade, or fellow shoulders.
Instruments for a Marching Army, are spads, shovells, pickaxes, Barrows, Basketts, sacks, &c.
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Chapter 16, Item 161d
Besieging
In Besieging of places. [Small in-text illustrations not reproduced (pages 101-2 in printed text)]
Blocking up the town, is to stop all wayes and passages to it.
Circumvallation, the begirding of a citty or Fort round with an Army: termed besieging, and this consists in camps, Trenches and works of all sorts.
Campe or Champaine, the place where the souldiers meet all togather and lodge in Tents, cabins, and Hutts.
To encampe, is the stay of an Army at or before a place, and setting downe their tents for lodging.
Tent, a Lodging place for officers; Hutts for souldiers.
Line of contra-vallation, or Breaking up of ground, is the Besiegers first making of fortifications against a beseiged town or citty.
Line of Circum-vallation, is the drawing of the line of defence round the town, if the enimy doe endeavour to raise the siege.
Opening the trenches, is the beginning and drawing the lines of Approaches towards the town, which goueth in and out with diuerse turnings.
Lines of Communication, are the Joyning of the lines of approaches togather neere the enimies counterscarp bank.
Place of Armes, a place chosen and fortified to couer the cavalry and horsmen from the enimyes canon shot.
Trenches, are lines, or a continued kind of rampart or work which surrounds as well the camp, as all the rest of the places about the town besieged. These exceed not aboue 750 feet vpon a right line, at which distance they are fortified with Redoubts or little Turretts, Midle or toothed defences, outward and inward Angles, little Tongues, stars, square forts with whole Bulworks, various forts with halfe Bulworks, Ravelins, halfe Moons, Horne works, and such like, of which we haue spoken before.
Inward Trenches, are such as be built against a towne to prevent sallies, which may hurt the besiegers, or salley out vpon them, from within the towne.
Outward Trenches are such as be built against such as would releeue the towne, or attacque the besiegers from without.
A Redoubt in a Trench, is a square worke, to which is usually added to the brestwork two or three steps, gradually placed over one another. A.
A star, is in forme, a square drawne out into foure acute angles, the Pentagonall star is in forme like a mullet and an Hexagonall or sexangular star is like a mullet of six points but more obtuse, not so acute angled. B.
A Fort with halfe Bulworks, is a square figure with an halfe Bulworke at the side of each corner. C.
A Fort on a Rectangular Parolellogram with halfe Bolworks is a square with such Bulwork as flanque only three wayes one side being a streight line. D.
A quadrilateral fort with half Bulworks and double Tongues; is a like square fort as aforesaid hauing a tongue in the midle of the streight line. E.
A Fort or quaderangle work with two whole Bulworkes, and on the opposite side the double Tongues.
A Three sided Fort, with halfe Bulworks.
A Battery for great guns, are places raised with earth haueing a brest work before it aboout six foot high: in the same are made as many ports as there are guns. These Batteries are of two sorts, of which this is one, and to Batter is to shoot downe walls, and is termed an offensiue Battery which is a Battery directed to the enimy without.
A defensive Battery is made in the brestwork no higher then to couer the Gun in its carriage: and very often in stead of a brest work of earth they use commonly great wicker Basketts filled with earth. Se the figures in numb.151. 152.
The lines of approaches to a place besieged, are trenches which are carryed on obliquely towards the place besieged.
A Sappe, is a streight trench cut from the lines of approaches to the very ditch of the Besieged Rampar, or fortification. This channell is cut deeper then the rest of the approaches, and is couered aboue with boughs, straw, Hides, or other things necessary, to keep the pioners from the sight of the besieged.
A Rouled Hill, is a great banke of earth made betwixt the face of a Bulwork and the besiegers; which being cast with shovels longer then ordinary, the lower part of this heap ouer the vpper, this hill is turned ouer and ouer, and is rouled on by degrees to fill the ditch and to face the angles of the Bulworke.
A Gallery, are two Gates erected at a little distance and ioyned togather with planks, as well on each side as at top, that noe part of them lies open. On that maner the rest of the parts of the Gallery shalbe continued and lengthened till it come to the Rampar. They are made generally 9 or 10 feet wide, the sides made cannon proof with earth cast vp against it: and the top fortified from fier, by couering it a foot or foot and halfe thick with earth.
Candlesticks, are cleft wood with fagots set in them; by which meanes pioners escape many shots, and hide themselues from the sight of the enimy.
A Mine, is a digging throw the earth to and vnder the foundation of a wall or Fort or Bulwork, thereby to throw it downe and blow it vp with Powder. The channell is made winding, and narowrer the nearer it comes to the place appointed where the powder barrells are put that the fireing of them may not come out, but use it force vpwards.
The mouth of the Mine, is the entrance into the sellar or place where the powder is put to blowe vp the wall or rampar, which is stopped vp by leauing in it an Hollow trunk or pipe full of powder for the traine to fire, and it the Barrells.
A counter Mine, is to meet a Mine, or vnder digg it, thereby to prevent a mine.
To spring a mine, is to blowe vp a part of a wall or fort.
An Attacque, is the sudden setting vpon an enimy either vpon the beseegers without, or on the springing of a mine to set on the besieged within.
Sauceidges are things made of fagotts and brush wood to fill vp ditches.
Plat formes for the ordinance, places for the Artilliery to fire on, and to reverse, places to Treverse the Gun on for charging or discharging.
Troniers, a Kinde of Brest worke cast vp before ordinances on which the Loopholes are made in.
Gabbions, are basketts filled with earth rammed in to make Batterys for great Guns, and to secure the Gunners by setting them one before an other, and one vpon the top of two. Laces of shelter.
Loops or Loop holes, to shoot throwe: It is 3 foot wide in the Barbe and 12 foot wide within, and without the lower part thereof to descend scarp wise, thereby to discouer the enimyes avenues and to offend them.
A catt or Mount, vpon which a Bulworke is set.
Assailants.
Assault, storme, or Attaque, a fortified place scaled with ladders.
Scalado, scaling or mounting up a place with Ladders.
An Alarum place, is the distance betweene where the Army lodgeth and the Entrenchments, whither before or on the back of the campe.
Parade, where souldiers meet to go to the watch.
Treachery, is falsifying ones trust; as to deliuer a place to the enimy out of cowardize or reward, or declearing secrets to an enimy whereby to betray them.
Signalls, tokens betweene a Besieged place, and their friends, or tokens giuen to assault a place all at one tyme.
Dismantled or Demantled, is to make a Garrison noe Garrison, to take out the souldiers and Magazine, pulling downe the workes, and causeing the fortifications and walls to be reazed to the ground.
Magazine, the place in a Garrison where the Armes, Artillery, powder. And shot is kept.
A storm, or generall assault, onset.
Batteries, or breaches, places beaten down with guns.
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Chapter 16, Item 161e
Things necessary for armies
Things necessary for Armyes. Ammunition and Instruments of war, whereof euery Generall or Gouenor ought to be well provided as
Musketts with Bandaliers, and Bagonetts.
Pikes, with Corslets and Head peeces and swords.
Powder and shot of all sorts and match.
Ordnance and field peeces great and small.
Shovells, spades, pickaxes, Hatchets, and Hamers, Beetles or Maules, Barrows, Baskets, Sacks, Lead and bullet moulds of all sorts.
Spare carriages, for great guns, as Trucks, Axletrees, Planks, Joyce spars, wheeles, ropes, chaines, nayles of all sorts.
Cannon basketts, canvas Bags, and Barrels, to be filled with earth to be lay vpon Parapets or Bulworks beaten down. Gibbions.
Gins for lifting vp guns.
Piles or Palazadoes, Turn-pikes, Horse de Freeze a kind of turn-pike but stronger used instead of a Gate.
Crow feet, chaus traps or Galthrops.
Morter peeces, with Granado shells, Hand Granadoes, Fusees, fire balls, carts, wagons, carriages, Tents, Huts.
Good store of money to pay souldiers, else they will not be lively to fight, but mutinous.
Provision of all sorts, meat and drink.
Rich Prince.
A wise Generalls, that fight more by policy and stretighems then strength.
Couragious commanders that go on like Lions.
Valliant souldiers that will not for sake their captaines.
Chaplins to pray.
Surgions to heale the wounded.
Doctors to phisick the sick.
Blacksmiths for great Iron workes.
Lock smiths, Gun smiths.
Powder makers.
Match makers.
Carpenters with all tooles belonging to them.
Engeniers.
Guners.
Pioners, miners.
Horses for draught, with all things belonging to them.
Victualler sutlers.
Laundry women.
Leger Ladyes.
The Rules of Fortifications and the uses thereof.
The Rules of Irregular Fortifications.
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Chapter 16, Item 161f
Rules of fortification
The Rules of Fortifications and the uses thereof.
1. The end of fortification is that few may resist the many.
2. The forme of the fort must be such that all its parts may receiue an oblique flanking side defence, besides the fore-right defence.
3. Therefore each part of the fortification must be so delineated that it may flank and be flanked: that is, the face of the Bulwork, be defended with the flankes of the Bulworks and the courtine, as also by the opposite face; that the Flankes be defended by the courtine, and the courtine by the Flank of the Bulwork.
4. The shorter and obliquer the defence lines are, so much stronger and surer: for the more acute the angle, the more obliquer the lines.
5. The fitchant line must not exceed musket shott, that is, 750 or 720 Rhynland feet.
6. The Flanking-parts or the lyne must be as large as may be, and those of the bulwork of a just bigness.
7. Let the length of the courtine be no more then the face and flanks of the bulwork are, being ioyned altogather in length.
8. Let the Angles of the Bulwork be able to resist the force of a cannon and consequently not lesse then 60 degrees, for so much will suffice.
9. The Angles of the courtine and the Flank, must always be right Angles, for theire by they wilbe the more largely flanked.
10. Let the Gorge or neck line be large, no lesse then the flank line.
11. The Bulwork must be so large, as to containe a good number of armed men, and yeeld rome enough for the Traversing Guns, and performing other Military duties.
12. The Face of the Bulwork is not to be lesse then halfe the courtin nor larger then the whole courtine is in length.
13. The Flank must not be lesse then a fourth part of the face nor bigger then halfe the face of the bulworke.
14. That forme of fortification wilbe best in regular figures, that hath the largest flankes in the bulworke and courtine; the Gorge lines very spatious; the Angles of the bulwork right Angles or neare right Angles; and the fitchant line at most not to exceed Musquet shott.
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Chapter 16, Item 161g
Irregular fortifications
The Rules of Irregular Fortifications.
1. Let the Irregular Fortification be reduced as neare as it can be to a regular one.
2. Let it be round about as equall as possibly can be, and equally firm.
3. A Fortification that is larger with the same circumference, is to be preferred before a lesser with lesse circumference.
4. Sides that bend inwards, that is, those that containe an externall angle must be avoided, because they lessen the place, and are built at greater expence.
5. A Bulwork may be Irregular, and vnlike; for that sort of Fortifying is counted handsomest, that is strongest and best built to resist the force of it enimy.
6. The least distance of the Bulworks (according to Dogen, page 188) must be 60 Rhynland perches, the largest 80.
7. The Angles of defence, or the Angles of the Tenailes, or Bastion, must be set (as often as can be) opposite to the midle point of the courtine.
8. Against Hills, that hang ouer the Towne, or against Rivers that flow into the Moat, rather object the courtine then the Bulworke, for that is stronger then this.
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