12. As there are different Matters, and Substances to be Turned, so there is also diverse ways, & different Tooles to be used in each different Matter; As Soft wood, Hard wood, Ivory, Brass, Iron, &c. Each of which I shall successively discourse upon each of their working Tooles.
Lathe
CXLIX [cont. The repeated square 149 has been renumbered 150a, with 150 a-b renumbered as 150b-c. ]. The Lathe, it is the Turners, or Throers Engine, by which they make all their Turned
Works. This Machine Instrument is so vulgarly known,
though it cannot be described in a Draught so as all its
parts shall appear at one single view, yet I have set down
enough of it to give you the names of its several members and their uses.
Broad flat mandrel
CL. Turners have several sorts of Mandrels, and
the sizes of them also differ, according to the sizes of
the Work; however their Names are, yet their principal fashions are these.
The first and principal is that as lyeth in the Base, which is termed the Broad flat Mandrel; it is set on the broad side with 3 or 4 Iron pins or pegs, near to the Verge of it flat; these are used to be fastened into the backside of a Board while the other is turning or working upon: Behind the back of this flat (and indeed in all Mandrels) is fitted a long shank or Rowler, for the String to be wound about while the Work is Turning. In the Mandrel are these parts.
The Face, or round Flat of the Mandrel.
The Rowler or Shank.
The Shoulder of the Rowler, to keep the String from slipping off.
The Pegs, or Points, or Pikes.
Screw Mandrell
The second is that in the chief, which is termed the
Screw Mandrell, the shank of screw is made of
Iron having the two ends round, and in the middle between the round ends a square the length of the Rowlier, and this square is fitted stiff into a square hole made
through the middle of the Rowler that it turn not about. In each flat end of this Shank or Spindle is
made a center hole, whereunto the Pikes of the Puppets are pitcht when this Mandrell is used. By this
several Screws of diverse Diameters are made; that next
the end of the shank is the smallest, which makes a
Male Screw of the finest Thread; the next a Male
Screw of a courser Thread; and the third makes a
Screw courser than it; so that you may make the shank
as long as you will, thereby to make more variety of
sizes for Screws.
The Sockets or Chocks belonging to the Screw Mandrels, are so many as there are several sizes of Screws on the Shank; these hollow Sockets have female screws in them made before the Notch to slip over the male Screw; which being fitted one to another, are pinned with a pin, put through two opposite holes made for that purpose in the Cheeks of the Wooden Sockets that it shake not. The parts of a Socket are these.
The Socket or Chock.
The Wooden pin.
The Stay.
The Notch to slip over the Male Screw.
Related text(s) Lathe parts
Pin Mandrell
CLI. In the chief is another sort of Mandrell called
a Pin Mandrell. This is made with a long Wooden shank, to fit stiff into a round hole that is made in
the Work that is to be Turned. These are also termed Shank Mandrells; which Mandrels with Iron
Shanks are much used by Turners that turn Bobbins
and such like Work; because a Wooden shank to fit
the small hole through the work, would not be strong
enough to carry the work above.
Sweep
The second Instrument in this quarter is termed a
Sweepe, or a Mathematical Instrument called a Sweep.
It is a long Bar of iron, and is termed the Beam of the
Sweep, which hath in the center point of it (in a Center hole, made in a square Stud of Metal) a center fixed; also a Socket to ride on the Beam, which is removed at pleasure, nearer or farther from the Center;
to this is Filed a Tooth of Steel with such roundings
and hollows in the bottom of it, as is intended
there shall be hollows or rounding in the work; then removing the Socket till its Tooth stand upon the intended
place, on the Verge of the work, is there screwed fast
on the Beam, it is prepared for the work, which if the
Workman hold the head of the Center in his left hand,
and with his right draw about the Beam and Tooth,
it will cut and tear away great Flakes of Metal, till the
thing worked upon hath received the whole form of
Mouldings the Tooth will make.
The same Instrument with a Moulding Plain fixed on it, will do the same work on Wood, making round mouldings.
Related text(s) Hollow Mandrel
Round collar
CLII. There are several sorts of fashioned Collars,
of which these two in this square are apart. The
first on the dexter side is termed a Round Collar,
so called from the roundness of the head of it, it is
to be fastned in a Lathe by a Wedge as the Puppets are
under the Cheeks; Hollow Mandrels are often turned in the Collars of this form, but then the Spindle is
made of Iron, and hath a Screw just at its end, upon
which is screwed a Block with a hollow in it, made fit
to receive the Stuff to be worked upon.
Turners collar
The second in this quarter hath the simple name of
a Collar, without any other Addition, except you
call it a Turners Collar. It is also made fast in a
Lathe by a Wedge, as the former is to be.
Joint collar
CLIII. This is termed by Turners, a Joynt Collar
which is made of two Iron Cheeks, which move upon a Joynt with a Button, so that they may be set
close or open, like a Joynt rule; on the inner edge of
each Cheek is formed as many semi-circles or half
round holes as the length of the Cheeks will conveniently bear, they are made of different Diameters that
they may fit the necks or shanks of different sized
Mandrels. Near to the top of one of these Cheeks
is fastned with a center pin, a square Iron Collar with
a small handle or button to it, which is to put it
on and take it off the Cheeks when they are to be
opened. This holds them so fast together that they
cannot start asunder, and yet is made so fit that it may
easily slip off and on. In this Instrument there are
these parts
The Cheeks,
The Joynt at the bottom.
The semi-circles in the Cheeks.
The Diameters, circumferences or round holes in which the Cheeks are closed.
The square Collar that holds the Cheeks together.
The Handle, by which the said Collar is taken off or put on.
The Center pin, on which the square Collar turns.
Gouges; Grooving hook
CLIV. In this square are five sorts of Turners Tools,
useful in their way of Turning either of soft or hard
work, round or hollow, whose names are Gouges in
general but more particular.
The first is termed a Grooving Hook, or a single
pointed Grooving Hook, or the Point Grooving
Hook; this cuts on the side or flat of a Board a fine
hollow circle or swage; these Hooks or Tools have their
Teeth of different forms according to the fashion of the
groove to be made on the plain of a Board; for some
times their Teeth are flat edged, sometimes round edged, sometimes a point only, and sometimes two points,
or of other forms; all which sorts of Blades are made
much stronger than the Gouge or Chissel, and have
the sides of their edges more obtuse to make it the
stronger; also they are 10 or 12 inches long without
the Handle.
Gouge
The second is called a Gouge; now Gouges do
the Office in Turning (as a Fore-Plain in Joynery,
and the Jack-Plain in Carpentry) they serve only to
take off the Irregularites the Hatchet, or sometimes
the Draw Knife leaves after the work is Hewed or
drawn pretty near the round; and that it may commodiously do it, the Blade is formed about half round
in the edge, and the two extream ends is a little sloped
off: They are in their Blades of a long Size with long
Handles (as all other Turning Tools are so long, that the
Handles may reach (when they use them) under the
Arm pit of the Workman) that he may have more
stay, and steadily manage them. The Blade of the
Gouge is of several Sizes both for length and breadth,
some as long as the Shank, others shorter, even from
an inch to 3, 4, or 5 inches in the length; and from a
quarter of an inch to a whole Inch; and sometimes for
very large work two inches over: Most Gouges have
in them these several parts, as in other Joyners Chissels
and Gouges.
The Basil, is that part as is ground to an edge.
The Blade, the roundish part above the Basil.
The Shank, the long Iron Stail.
The Shoulder, that as the Haft rest upon.
The Tang, that part as goes into the Haft.
The Haft, the Wooden handle.
The Hoop, or Bass about the bottom of the Haft.
Grooving hook
The third is named a Grooving Hook or Tool;
or the Triangular (or three Tooth) Grooving Hook.
Round edge grooving hook
The fourth is termed a round edge Grooving Hook.
Three pointed grooving tool
The fifth is called the three pointed grooving
Tool.
Two pointed grooving tool
CLVI. In this quarter are three other sorts of Tools
useful for Throwers both for smooth and Engine
work.
The first is termed by the name of the two pointed Grooving Tool.
Grooving tool
The second is by the name of a Grooving Tool, or
the sharp pointed Grooving Tool, or triangular
pointed grooving Tool.
Chisel
The third by the name of a Chissel, which is a Tool
that follows the Gouge, making smooth the extuberancis and irregularities lying upon the work, which the
Gouge hath left; from whence some term it the Smoothing Chissel: Both the Blade, Shank and Handle,
re near twice the length of those used by Joyners for
the reasons aforesaid.
Square hook
CLVII. In this Square are three other Tools used by
the same manuall occupation, which by Artists are termed thus
The first is called a Square Hook.
Hook
The Second is termed an Hook, Now as the Gouge
and Chissel is used to work that which lyeth before the
workman: So this tool, and the precedent, are used to
work that as stands on the right, or left side of the workman, as the flat sides of Boards, which must be turned
unto, and upon.
Flat chissel
The third is termed a Chissel, or a Flat Chissel,
for it is to be noted, that the edge of all Turners Chissels
are Baffled away on both sides, so that the edge lyeth
in the middle of the tool. Of these flat Tools there are
severall sorts, from a quarter of an Inch broad, to one two
or three Inches broad, according to the largness of the
Work to be done.
Grooving gouge
CLVIII. In this quarter is also three other Throwers,
or Turners tools, The first whereof is a Gouge, or a
Grooveing Gouge, with the Blade bended.
Hook
Image from published plateThe Second is named a Hook, but is of an other fashion then the other in numb.157. that being in a maner round, and this not above a quarter round, with the tip end a small thing bent.
Round gouge
Image from published plateThe third hath the Denomination of a Throwers Round Gouge, or Groove Gouge.
All these sorts of Chissels. Gouges, Hooks, &c. used By Throers or Turners, I have caused to be engraven here, more to shew their fashion, then any use I have observed or seen them in Honorable Arms; therefore cannot say much for them, either pro or con.
Drill bench
CLIX. This Instrument is used by some Turners, and
called a Drill-Bench, being only a board about two
Inches thick, with two Stiles placed upright upon it, in
the hither-most Stile is a Collar, and in the further
Stile is a peece of Steele with a Center hole in the middle of it. Between is a Rowler which hath a Steel
pin, and a Piercer-bit fastned therein. When it is
used it is made fast in the Cheeks of the Lathe with a
wedge as the Puppets are. This Drill is for the turning
or bolting of an hole in wood of what length they please.
Related text(s) Drill bench parts
Turner's chopping block
CLX. He beareth a Turners Chopping
Block. this Block
is made of Elme tree, or some other Soft wood set on three
feet. Some Turners use in stead a peece of a trunk
of a tree of a foot and a halfe high or more from the flore.
Cleaving knife
CLXI. In this Square are two Instruments usefull also
for Turners, for their cuting and cleaving of wood to
what thickness they have occasion to worke it.
The first is that in the Chief, which they terme a Cleaveing Knife, it needs no further description then the figure; being a kind of Cleaver, with a strong and thick back, able to abide blowes of the Maule: haveing an Handle of the same mettle.
Maul
In the Base is the other [Instrument usefull also for Turners] called a Maul, being no other
but a thick peece of wood, with an Handle to make it
the more handy and quick to use: which is to knock &
unknock the Wedges of the Puppets. Also to beat on
the Cleaveing Knife, when they split their wood for their
worke. Use hath made it more ready then a Mallet.
Turn bench
CLXII. In such a small Lathe as this Figure expresseth, they use to work small work in Metal; it is made
either of Iron or Brass; and is by the Work-men termed a
Turn-Bench, or rather a Vice Lathe, because when
it is used, it is Screwed into the Chaps of a Vice, and
having fitted the Work upon a small Iron Axis with a
Drill Barrel fitted upon a square shank; with a Drill
Bow and String carry it about with the Drill Bow in
the left hand, and the Tool in the right hand: The
Tools for these small Works are commonly a Graver,
and sometimes a Scalper, both pointed, round, and
flat; also great and small.
Related text(s) Turn bench parts
Turning engine
CLXIII. In this quarter is presented to your view
the Head of the Turning Engine, for the turning
of Oval Work, Rose Work, and Swath Work,
with other kind of Work not yet named, because not
found out, for no Man hath yet fought out the depth
of that Instrument, or what it can or is able to perform. It hath so many parts that I know not either
how to describe or tell their use; only as in other Tools
I shall give you what names each Member hath, if I
be rightly informed.
Related text(s) Turning engine parts
Draw Knife
CLXIV. In the chief of this quarter is the figure of
a Draw Knife, an Instrument used by both Carpenter and Turner; it is a Knife with two handles turned
down to the edge, much like the form of the Wet Glovers
Fleshing Knives, when they use it, one end of the
work is set against a Wall, and the other to his Breast,
and then with both hands draws Chips off the work till
it be brought to their shape, and then smooth it.
Bookbinder's Plow
In the Base of this square is placed a Book-binders
Plow, or cutting Knife by which the leaves of Books
are cut even and smooth. It consists of these parts,
The two Stocks, one having the Knife on it, the other movable by the turning of the Screw, which hath a Groove or square hollow in the sole of it.
The two square Staves.
The Screw and Handle to turn it.
The Knife, which is held to the sole of the Stock by an Iron Pin.
The Iron Screw, and its Nut with Ears.
Previous section
Next section
