Troy Weight.
A Grain, is the weight of a grain of Wheat.
A Penny Weight is 24 grains.
An Ounce, is 20 Penny Weight.
A Pound Troy, is 12 Ounces.
An Hundred Pound Weight, is five score pounds.

These are the general terms of the Troy Weight, from whence there is smaller and derivative Weights, yet all have their dependance on them aforesaid, as there is the
The Half grain.
The Scruple.
The Drachm.
The Half-penny Weight.
The Half Ounce.
The quarter of a pound.
The half pound.
The half or quarter of an Hundred, &c.
But these terms are never used by the Goldsmiths, all their names of Weights being Grains, Penny Weights, and Ounces only.

Avoir-Du-Pois Weight
An Ounce, it is ---- so that it is lighter than the Ounce Troy by almost one twelfth part, so that 60 pound Avoir-du-pois is equal to 73 pound Troy.
A Pound is 16 Ounces; But the Housewifes pound is twice so much.
An Hundred pound, is 112, which Merchants call the short hundred.
A Long Hundred, is 120 pounds.
But in all sorts of Merchandize the Buyer and Seller in all great Weights useth no other terms than Hundreds, Quarters, and Pounds, the smaller Weights are for retail Trading only.
As the Weight of such a Commodity is 4 hundred, 3 quarters, and 8l. That is 3 quarters of an hundred, which is 84 pound, after 112 pound to the hundred.
A Quarter being 28 pound, 2 quarters or half a hundred 56 pounds, and 3 quarters (as aforesaid) 84 pounds.

The several Terms used about Merchants Goods.
All Goods bought and sold by Merchants are termed by Whole-sale, that is, great quantities together, whether in Barrels, Hogsheads, Fats, Chests or Packs.

Wine, Oyl, Honey.
A Tun contains 2 Butts.
A Butt or Pipe contains 2 Hogsheads.
A Hogshead containeth 2 Barrels.
A Tierce, is a Barrel and a half.
A Barrel is one Rundlet, and 3 parts of a Rundlet.
A Kilderkin, is the Half Barrel.
A Rundlet is 18 Gallons.
A Gallon is two Pottles: Now a Gallon of Wine contains 8 pound Troy Weight by which the foresaid Vessels are measured; so that 31 Gallons and a half is a Barrel of Wine, being less than ale by half a Gallon, and Beer 4 Gallons and half in the Barrel.

Corn and other grain.
A Last, is the greatest measure of any kind of grain or seeds, which contains 10 Quarters.
A Quarter is 2 Cornocks.
A Cornock, is 2 Strikes or 4 Bushels, which in our County is better known by Measures than either Strikes or Bushels.
A Strike, is 2 Bushels or Measures.
A Bushel, in most places is 4 Pecks; but that which we generally account a Bushel of Oats is 5 Measures, each Measure containing 4 Pecks; but a Bushel of Wheat and Rye, or other Grain and Cod ware, is but 4 Measures to the Bushel.
A Peck, containeth 2 Gallons, or 8 Quarts.

Iron, Lead, Tin, Copper.
These are numbered by the Tun, Hundred, Quarters and Pounds.
A Tun is 20 Hundred Weight.
A Hundred Weight is 112 pounds.
A Fodder of Lead is 19 Hundred Weight, each Hundred being 112 pounds.
A Pig or Sow of Lead, is generally about three hundred pounds apiece.

Fish and Flesh.
Ling, Cod, or Haberdine, have 124 to the Hundred.
Stock-fish and Herring have 120 to the hundred, and 10000 to the Last, which is 12 Ale Barrels; some measure also Salmons and Eels by Ale Measure.

Hides, Skins, Furrs.
A Last of Tanned Hides, or Leather, is 20 Dickers.
A Dicker, is 10 Hides.
Calves skins, are reckoned by the Dozen, which is 12.
Sheep and Lamb skins are numbred by [ ]
Goat skins are reckoned by the skip, which is 50 Skins.
Grays, Martins, Sables, Jenits, Minks, and Fitches are reckoned by the Timber, which is 4 Skins.
Lamb, Coney, Kid, Cat, Budge, have all five score to the Hundred.

Paper and Parchment.
A Bale of Paper is 10 Reams.
A Ream is 20 Quires.
A Quire is 25 Sheets.
A Rowl of Vellom or Parchment is 5 Dozen of Skins.
A Dozen is 12 Skins.

Wool, Flax, and Hemp.
A Last of Wool, makes 12 Sacks or Packs.
A Sack is 2 Weys, or 364 pounds.
A Wey contains six Tods and a half.
A Tod contains 28 pounds.
A Stone of Wool is 14 pounds, in some places 18 and 19 pounds.
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Chapter 5, Item 145a
Brickmakers terms
Terms of Art used by Brick-Makers.
Casting the Clay.
Tempering the Clay.
Wheeler, is him that carryeth the Clay from the Pit, to the Moulding Board foot, and there turns it off the Wheel Barrow.
Staker, is him that puts the Clay off the ground, upon the Board.
Moulder, is him that works the Clay into the Brick Moulds.
----- is the striking of the superfluous Clay off the top of the Moulds.
Bearer off, is him that takes the Mould with the Clay in it, from the Moulder, and layeth it on the ground to dry.
----- is the parting of the Clay from the Mould.
----- is the putting of the empty Mould in the Tub of Water.
Sanding the Brick, is to riddle or cast dry Sand on the Wet Brick lying on the ground.
----- is the raising of the Brick on one side, that they may dry the better and sooner.
Taker up of the Brick, is his work also to dress and smooth them from irregular edges.
Walling the Brick, is to lay them one on another after the manner of a Wall, to keep them from foul Weather, and that they may dry thoroughly.
Sod, or cover the Bricks.
Setting the Bricks in the Kiln.
A Kiln of Brick.
Arches of the Kiln, are the hollow places at the bottom, where the Fire is.
Pigeon Holes, holes in the Fire Arches.
Chequer course, is the lower row of Bricks in the Arch.
Tying course, them as cover the top of the Arch.
Binding course,
Breaking course, is the laying of Brick over the Joints of its under course.
----- is the laying of Slack or Small Coal between every course or row of Bricks.
Dividing Course, is the division parts of the Kiln.
Flatting course, is the top of the Kiln.
Daubing the Kiln, is the Claying of it all about and top to keep the Fire in, and secure the Kiln from Weather.
Firing, is to set the Fuel put in the Arches on Fire.
Yearthing, put Earth about it, to stop the Arches that the Fire may take upwards to the top of the Kiln. ----- is the cooling of the Kiln after it hath done Burning.
Breaking the Kiln.
Middle of the Kiln.
Counting of the Brick.
Carrying of the Brick, is to bring them to the place where they are to be used for Building, which is either on Horse-backs or Tumbrels.
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Chapter 5, Item 145b
Bricklayers terms
Terms used by the Brick-layer.
A Wall.
A Course, is the thickness of a Brick, or a row of Bricks the whole length of the Wall.
Breaking of Band, or Joint.
Band, is the laying of Bricks so that one binds another.
Flemish Bond.
Header, is the laying the end of a Brick in the out side of the Wall.
Stretcher, is the laying the Brick longways in the out-side of the Wall.
Closier, is a part of a Brick put in a Wall between two whole Bricks to make Band.
Cooping, is the cutting off in the thickness of a Wall.
Scew or Campher, is the cutting off a corner of a Wall.
A Splay or Angle, is the corner or turning of a Wall.
Queering, is the covering of a Wall when it is new Built, that Rain dive not into it.
Pliming, is to try by Rule whether the Wall stand streight and upright.
Battering, or the Wall Batters when it is not straight, but overcasts outwards.
Over-hangs, when the Wall bends inwards.
Bulges, when a Wall stands out with a Belly.
Quine or Quine Ends.
Stretch the Line, is to draw the Line streight to the side of the Work that the Brick may be laid streight by it.
Mortar, is Lime, Sand and Water mixed together by the Munginator.
Fat Mortar, as much Lime as Sand.
Lean Mortar, when it hath too much Sand in the Lime.
Filling Mortar, having small Stones in it to fill the middle of the Wall.
Pergery Mortar, having Horse-dung mixt in it, which is onely to plaster or daub in-side of chimneys.
Top a Chimney, is to make a handsom head upon it to set it forth.
Labourer, is such as carry the Brick and Mortar to the place where the Bricklayer or Work-man is Building.
Scaffold, That as the Work-man stands upon to work up high Walls.
Putlocks, are pieces of Spars to put into the sides of the Wall to lay Boards on for the Brick-layer to stand and work up high Walls.
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Chapter 5, Item 147a
Billiards equipment
Things used about Billiards
The Table, which is four square, or rather something longer one way, with a Ledge about it to keep the Balls from falling off, which must be covered with fine green Cloth.
The Hazzards, the Holes in the four corners and sides of the Table but not at the ends, from whence, and whereunto the Ball Plays.
The King is the little Pin or Peg standing at one end of the Table, which is to be of Ivory.
The Port, is the Arch of Ivory, standing at a little distance from the other end of the Table.
The Tacks are the two Sticks (or what else they are made of) with which the Balls are pushed forwards.
The Balls are round things made of Ivory, which will turn any way.
Some Boards have a Bell and a String instead of a King, but this is a Bungling Play, there being not that Art in it, as the King.
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Chapter 5, Item 147b
Billiards rules
Orders for the Play at Billiards.
1. If the Leader touch the end of the Table with his Ball at the first stroak, he loseth one Cast.
2. If the Follower intend to hit his Adversaries Ball, or pass at one stroak, he must string his Ball, that is lay it even with the King, or he loseth a Cast.
3. He that passeth through the Port hath the advantage of touching the King, which is one Cast if not thrown down.
4. He that passeth the Port twice (his Adversary having not passed at all) and toucheth the King without throwing him down, wins 2 ends.
5. He that passeth not hath no other advantage but the Hazzard.
6. He that is a Fornicator (that is hath past through the back of the Port) he must pass twice through the fore part, or he cannot have the advantage of Passing that end.
7. He that hits down the Port or King, or Hazzard his own ball, or strikes either Ball over the Table, loseth that Cast.
8. He that Hazzards his Adversaries Ball, or makes it to hit down the King, winneth the end.
9. If four Play two against two, he that mistakes his stroak, loseth one to that side he is of.
10. He that after both Balls Played, removes the Port without consent, or strikes his Ball twice together, or that his Adversaries Ball touch his stick, Hand, Cloaths, or Playeth with his Adversaries Ball, loseth One.
11. He that sets not one Foot on the ground when he strikes his Ball shall lose an end, or if he lay his hand or sleeve on the Cloth.
12. A Stander-by, though he Betts, shall not instruct, direct, or speak in the Game without consent or being first asked; if after he is advertized hereof he offends in this nature, for every fault he shall instantly forfeit Two Pence for the good of the Company, or not be suffered to stay in the Room.
13. He that Plays a Ball while the other runs, or takes up a Ball before it lie still, loseth an end.
14. He that removes the Port with his Stick when he strikes his Ball, and thereby prevents his Adversaries ball from passing, loseth an end.
15. All Controversies are to be decideed by the Standers by, upon asking Judgment.
16. He that breaks the King Forfeits 1s. for the Port 10s. and each Stick 5s.
17. Five ends make a Game by Day light, and three by Candle light.
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Chapter 5, Item 147c
Game of Truck
The Game of Truck
Truck is an Italian Game, and is not very unlike Billards, the Table is something longer and covered with green Cloth, it hath 3 holes at each end, besides the corner holes.
The Sprig, which stands for the Billiard King, stands at the middle, near one end; it is a piece of Iron made fast in the Board.
The Argolio, which is as the Port at Billiards, stands against the middle hole at the other end; and is a strong hoop of Iron fastned to the Table.
The Tacks with which they play, are much bigger than Billiard Sticks, and headed at each end with Iron; from the middle is round taperwise to one end, the other is flat.
The Balls ar of Ivory, as large as tennis Balls.
In the Play they use the same Orders as in the Billiards, only they have these terms in the Playing.
Truck, that is the striking of the Ball to the Adversareies to hole him.
Bank, is to lay the Ball at a certain place by striking it.
Fulkat, or fulkating over hand, is to make your Ball jump over his through the Argolio, when his Ball lies directly in the way before you.
The Game because it is soon up, is either nine, eleven, fifteen, or as many as you please; for if you Truck your Adversary, it is one Cast; If after you have past, you Truck your Adversaries Ball, and hit the Sprigg, it is three: If you pass at one Stroak, Truck your Adversaries Ball, and hit the Sprigg you win four, but this is very rarely done.
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Chapter 5, Item 148a
Chess terms
Terms used in Chess-Play
A Forke, is when two of the Adversaries Rooks stand in the same Rank, and a House between them void; if a Pawn guarded with another, advance into the House before them, thereby one of them will commonly be taken; This is of some termed a Dilemma.
A Stale [Mate], is when a King hath lost all his Men, and hath but one place to fly unto, if he be Barred there without Checking him, so that being now out of Check cannot remove but into Check, is a Stale, and he that giveth it to the distressed King, loseth the Game.
A Blind Mate, is when one giveth Check Mate, but seeth it not, yet nevertheless it is a Mate, though a disgraceful one.
A Dead Game, is when only the two Kings are left, at which most Gamesters will draw Stakes; some will do it when they have but a Knight or Bishop left with their King; and the enemy only his King, for then it is not possible to give a Mate by force.
Take Guard or Guards, is the securing of the Men that they be not taken, by having others at their Back.
Check, is when pieces lie in the way, that neither the King, Queen, or any other cannot pass, but are forced to stand.
Pawn-Mate, is when the King cannot remove out of the Pawns way, but is taken by him, which is the end of the Game, and lost by him whose King is so mated.
Mate, is when the like is done by a Rook, so that the King is taken, or that he can neither take the Checking piece, nor cover the Check, nor yet remove out of it.
Pawn-Check, is when a Knight hath checked a King of the adverse party, so that he cannot be covered, then the King must either remove, or course the Knight to be taken, for he himself cannot take the Knight that Checks him, or its Mate, and the Game is up.
House, is every one of the squares, whether they be white or black on the Chess-Board, which are termed 1, 2, 3, 4, of the one Gamester, and 1, 2, 3, 4, of the other Gamesters.
Field, is the whole square of the Board.
Scholars Check, a Check that might have been avoided, had not the Player been a young Beginner.
Scholars Mate, is a Mate that might be prevented, but is made by young Beginners.
Check Mate, is the end of the Game, which is by following the flying King, giving him Check as long as he hath any place to fly unto.
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Chapter 5, Item 148b
Chess laws
Laws of Chess-Play.
1. If you Touch your Man, you must Play it, and if you set it down any where, it must stand.
2. If your Adversary Play a False Draught, and you spy it not before you Play the next Draught, it is then too late to be Challenged.
3. If by mistake, you Play a False Draught, and your Adversary let it alone for his Advantage, till he hath Played his next Draught, you nor he cannot then recall it.
4. If at first you Misplace your Men, and Play 2 or 3 Draughts, it lieth in your Adversaries choice whether you shall play out the Game, or begin it new again.
5. The King in Changing, may not go into Check, nor at any time remove into Check.
6. If your Adversary playeth or discovereth a Check to your King, and giveth you no notice of it, you may let him stand so for that Draught if you please.
7. If your King standeth in Check, and you remove a Draught or two, the Adversary may not give Check when he pleaseth, unless he remove the piece checking, or some other.
8. If you take up your Adversaries Man, and after think best to let it stand untaken, before you set your piece in place thereof, you must Cry him Mercy, or lose the Game.
9. The moving of a King, ought to be certain in his shifting, and not as you please to place him.
10. If any one Wager that he will give Mate, or Win the Game, and the Adversary brings it to a Dead Game, though he save the first Stake, yet he loseth the Wager.
11. He that Gives Over the Game before it is finished, without the consent of his Adversary, loseth his Stake.
Many more Observations might be inferred for the understanding of this Noble Game, but I am forced to avoid Prolixity.
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Chapter 5, Item 148c
Draughts
Draughts is a Play on a Chess-Board, or the back of a pair of Tables (which generally have four rows of Squares made upon it, viz. 4 of Black and 4 of White interchangeably) and are set with the Table Men; one Party setting on the White and the Adverse party on the Black.
The Play is, to remove each Man corner ways.
If they be not in Play well backed or Guarded, but that a Man may leap over his Adversaries mans Head to a Void square, that Man is Huffed, that is, he is taken up as a Slain Man.
Single Men must go all forwards, they cannot go or remove backwards.
A King is that Man which hath passed through the Board to the farther side, and being Crowned (that is having a table Man put upon him) is free to walk backwards or forwards as he pleaseth.
Thus they move and remove too and again, seeking to Huff one another, and him that stands longest without taking, wins the Game.
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Chapter 5, Item 149a
Tennis Court
The form of a Tennis Court is much after the manner of Old Halls in great Houses, all open to the top; they are generally Built . . . long, [dimensions omitted in printed text] and . . . wide, and the Gable ends up to the Roof without any Windows, the sides . . . yards up to the Lights or Windows, which are only square Pillars of . . . yards high, on which the Roof is laid, the Floor even Flagged; on one side there is a long Gallery for people to stand in to see the Gamesters Play, over which is made a Penthouse of Boards evenly laid, that the Ball being cast upon it, may run smoothly, without any Rubs; the Lights are all hung with Netts, to keep the Ball from flying out.
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Chapter 5, Item 149b
Tennis terms
The manner of the Play is so intricate that it is hard to describe, which I suppose is the reason none (as ever I could hear) have written concerning it, as of other Games; there being so many turnings, windings and motions of the Body; as also the several ways of String the Ball both backwards, forwards, under and over hand, and from the rebounds, that they were endless to set down; yet according to that little understanding I have in the Play, I shall give you some few of those terms which is used therein, as
Serve, is the first casting out of the Ball upon the Pent-House, for him on the contrary side to strike at.
Stroak, is a Blow given to the Ball as it comes off the Pent-House.
Fault, is to miss a Blow or stroak at the Ball, which if it be twice missed, it is a Loss to that Player, which is 15.
Line, is a longe Rope hung over-cross the middle of the Court about a Yard off the ground, with a Net on it to the Ground.
Stroak of the Ball into the Net, is a loss of 15 to the Player.
Ball struck into the square hole at the end of the Tennis court, is a place made up with Boards, with a Pent-house over it, into which place if a ball be struck, it is a loss to the Striker.
Distances, are 6 figures made on the ground on the Service side, each a Yard asunder; on the other side there are only two Figures besides the Galleries.
Blew, is a Line drawn on the Flags overcross the Tennis Court on the Hazard side, over which the Player must serve the Ball, for the other Player to strike it.
Hazard side, is the side where they receive the Ball from the Pent-house.
Pent-house, the place on which they first cast out the Ball.
Chase, is to miss the second striking of the Ball back.
Bisk, is a stroak given by the better Player, that gives him a stroak, and is 15 when he pleaseth, and will save him from a Fault if he loseth one.
Stroak forwards, is a Cast in the Play.
Loss, it is more or less, sometimes a single loss; sometimes it mounts to 15.
Game, is part of a Sett, and is generally wone by that side as gets the first 4 Stroaks.
Set, is either 4, 6, or as many Games as the Tennis Players agree upon.
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Chapter 5, Item 149c
Tennis laws
Laws of the Tennis Court
1. They the serve upon the Pent-house, are to serve behind the Blew on the Hazard side, else it is a loss.
2. If the Receiver miss two stroaks at his Serving, which is two Faults, it is a loss, which is 15.
3. They that get the first four stroaks, get the first Game of the Set, which may be as many Games as the Players order to be in the Set.
4. If 4 Games be the set (or what other number answerable) when they come to four all, then you must Play the first come to two Games, before you win the Set; or you may make it otherwise.
5. If it be agreed upon, you may Play as many as you please on a side.
6. You must observe that there is no changing sides without two Chases, or Forty one Chase, and then they may change sides, and the other serves upon the Penthouse beyond the Blew, and then the other is bound to play the Ball over the Line, between the Chase and the end Wall; and if the other side misses to return the Ball, he loses 15.
8. [sic] He that gets a Biske, makes him a stroak, which is 15, and saves him from a fault which the missing of a stroak.
9. None is to be in the Court but the Players, and him that counts the Game, who is the Judge.
10. All Standers in the Galleries are not to speak a word in the Game, except they be asked, if they do, they lie liable to pay the Game that they plaid for.
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Chapter 5, Item 150a
Slaters tools
Slaters Working Tools.
A Slaters Hatchet.
A Trowel.
A Hewing Knife to cut the Slates even and square.
A Pick to make a hole in the Slate.
A Pinning Iron to widen the hole in the Slate to put the Pin in.
A Hewing Block, any square piece of Wood or Stone to cut the Slates upon.
A Lathing measure.
A Stone measure.
Pins, Stone Nails or Lath Nails, and Laths or Latts.

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Chapter 5, Item 150b
Slate
Names of their Slates according to their several Lengths.
Short Haghattee.
Long Haghattee.
Farwells.
Chitts.
Warnetts.
Shorts.
Shorts save one, or short so won.
Short Backs.
Long Backs.
Bachlers.
Wivetts.
Short Twelves.
Long Twelves.
Jenny why Jettest thou.
Rogue why Winkest thou.
The shortest Slate is about 4 Inches, all the rest exceed an Inch, one in length from the other; sometimes less or more, according as the Work-man pleaseth.
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Chapter 5, Item 150c
Roofing material
The several ways of covering Houses, or other Buildings.
Tyling, is a covering with long square Tiles, made of Clay and Burnt in a Kiln. Pan-Tyle, is when they Bend round in form of an S and so lap over the edges one of another.
Leading, is by covering them over with Sheet Lead.
Flagging, is a covering made of very large broad Flaggs of fine Greet Stone, a Yard or more in height, and half in breadth. These are called broad Slates.
Slateing, is a covering of Houses with a kind of Blew Slaggy Marble, which will split into thin pieces of all sorts of Sizes, according to pleasure; some that are left thick, broad and long, ar double Slates.
Shingling, is a covering with cleft Wood, made about 6 or 8 Inches broade, and 12 long, and pinned at one end to hang in the Laths: They are laid as Slates with Moss under them, which is termed Mouseing.
Vaulting, is a cover made Arch-wise of great Hewn Stones, as Ashlars.
Thatching, is to cover them with Straw, Ferne, Rushes or Gorst, which is bound and held together by Laths, Windings and Thatch Pricks, done by the Art of the Thatcher.
Sodering, is the covering of little shourings and places of shade from Rain, with green Turfs or Grass Sods, or paring the surface of Heathy Earth, which being laid on the Roof of a House keeps it dry.
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