Chapter 3, Item 21a
Labouring types
The several sorts of Labouring Men.
The Fundator, a Digger of the Earth to lay a Foundation, or make a ground-work to Build upon.
The Fossor, is a Digger of the Earth, to make Ditches and Trenches.
The Pastinator, a Labourer as Digs and Delves the Earth, to make it even and streight, such as delve Gardens, and such like Ground.
The Putearius, a Pit Digger, and such as Dig Wells for Water.
The Ablaqueator, a Digger or Delver about the Roots of Trees, to make them more Fruitful, and such are they who keep Orchards, Dress Vinyards, and cure Hop-Yards.
The Cuniculator, a Miner, or digger under the Earth, such are all of them that dig in Mines of Silver, Gold, Brass, Iron, Tin, Lead, Coal, and the like. Such are termed Pioneers, that undermine Forts, Towers and Castles, to Blow them up.
The Lapicidor, or Lapidary, a Cutter of Stones a Digger of Stones, such are they as work in Quarries, Quarry Men, Hewers of Stone, Masons, getters of Stone.
The Manuporter, is him that bears or carries any thing by strength of hands; and such are Packing Porters, and them that carry with their hands by the help of Ways, Spikes or Putlocks, great Stones and Timber, which Masons and Carpenters use in large Fabricks.
The Barrow-Men, such as carry on a Barrow between two; and they are Labourers in Brick and Stone Work; and carry Burthens of several natures by that means.
The Wheeler, is such as transport weighty things from place to place; see numb.53.
The Munginator, is such as blend Clay and Water, of these kind of Labouring Men, are the Daubers, Mortar Temperers, Plaster makers, and the like.
The Manufactor, or Workers with the hand, and such as follow handy craft labouring, as Trowel Men, Axe Men, and seilers and coverers of Houses either with Straw, Shingles, Tiles or Slate; see numb. 38. 39. 51. 52. &c.
The Lator, or Porter, a Bearer or Carrier of Burthens on their Backs or Shoulders, and such are they that wait at Custom Houses, attend Merchants Cellars and Grocers Shops, to carry their Goods from place to place. A Miller, or Mill Carrier, see numb.45.
The Marianus, is a kind of Traveller, or Way faring person, which in his Journey carries or bears Burthens on his Back with the help of a Staff; and such Labourers I take Pedlars, Tinkers and Crate Carriers to be; and all such who bear Fardels or Trusses on Staves upon their shoulders; see numb.46. 47. 63. 65.
The Phalangary or Palangarii, are Porters which bear Burthens on Slings, or in Ropes, with Ways Hand-spikes, or Poles, as Beer-Brewers, Wine-Coopers, and such as bear Burthens, more than a Man or two is able to carry, see numb.44.
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Chapter 3, Item 24a
Mowing terms
Terms used by the Mower and Haymakers.
To Mow, is to cut down the Grass with a Sithe.
To Mowe with a Crather, is to cut Corn that is short in the Straw, with a Sith having a kind of Rack fixed to it for the Ears of Corn to fall on.
A Day Math, a Days Mowing, is as much as a Mower can cut down in a day.
A Swaffe, or Sithe Swaffe, as much as the Sithe cuts at one stroak of the Mower. --- the Sithe stroaks or marks, which are left in the Grass that the Sithe leaves growing.
The Swarth --- are the rows of the cut Grass as the Sithe leaves it.
Edgrewe, is the Grass left growing after Mowing; some term it the Latter grass, or latter growing.
Tedding, is with a Pitchfork or Pikill, throwing it abroad out of those rows in which the Sithe left it on the ground.
Turning, is to turn the Grass over, that the under part may wither and dry.
Making it into Wind-rows, is to gather it up with a Rake into long Rows.
Making it into Grass Cocks, is from the Windrows to gather it into little heaps, in which it lieth the first day to dry.
Breaking, is to throw the Grass Cocks all abroad.
Turning it again and again, is to cast it over several times, that it may wither and dry throughly: called Casting it.
Plecks, is to make it, or turn it into square Beds.
Making it into midling Cocks.
Brokeing it again, then putting it into Windrows again.
Making it into Hay Cocks, is to raise it into great heap when it is perfect Hay, and well dried; and so remains till it be taken away. Some term this Cocking or Coileing.
Raking the Bottom Stalls, is to Rake up all the scattered Hay about the Cocks, and cast it thereon.
Loading it, putting the Hay into the Cart. Pitching it into the Cart.
Lead it Home, is to draw it to the place it must be kept in.
A Course, is every Fleece or turn of Hey laid on the Cart.
A Binding Course, is the top course of Hay, which is put on before it be bound on the Cart with the Cart Rope.
Cast it off the Cart.
Pitch it into the Window.
Tread down the Hay, is treading with the feet the Hay sad down, when it is laid in the Barn, Stable or Hay loft.
A Mow, or Hay Mow, is several Loads of Hay laid together in the Barn or Stable.
A Stack, or Hay Stack, is several Loads of Hay laid about, and trodden close together about a Stack Pole, being shaped broad at the bottom and narrow at top; Pyramid-wise.
A Rick, or Hay Rick, is Hay Mowed without in the open Air, and made after the form of a Barn with a shedding Ridg.
Treading it, is to sadden it down either in the Mow or Rick, &c.
Sweating of the Mow, when the Hay heats in the Mow.
Drawing it out, to draw it out of the Mow or Stack with an Hay hook, to give it to the Cattel, which Husband Men call Foddering of the Cattel or Beasts.
A Lock of Hay, as much as hangs together in ones hand.
A Pikell of Hay, as much as hangs together on the points or grains of a Pikell.
A Truss of Hay, as much as can be tied together in an Hay Rope, for a Man to carry on his shoulder.
A Jagg of Hay, is a small Load of Hay.
A Load of Hay, is a good Load, containing about 2000 Weight.
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Chapter 3, Item 25a
Husbandry terms
Terms used by Husband Men, for the Tillage and Sowing of Corn.
Fallow ground, is ground not of a long time broken up with the Plough; Ground unbroken up.
Marled ground, is laid over with a kind of fat mellow clay.
Mucked grounds, is ground spread over with dung of Beasts.
Faugh ground, or ground lying Faugh, is to let it lie a year or more unplowed; the same to Fallow.
Ploughed ground, is that as is broken up with the Plow.
Fallowing, is the first Plowing for Barley, or the breaking up of Fallow ground.
Stirring, is the second Plowing for Barley.
Cogling, or Hurling, is Harrowing after the second Plowing.
Sowing is the third Plowing for Barley, and the Sowing of it just upon the Plowing.
A Furrow, is so much as the Plow turns up at a time, and may be either a broad or narrow Furrow.
A Rick, or Ridges, or Buts, are parcels of Land of several breadths and lengths.
Casting into Ricks or Ridges, is to make such by Plowing.
A Ree-an, is the distance between two Buts.
An Hadland, or Headland, is the end of a Butt, which the Plow in Plowing turneth up.
Sowing, is the casting Corn upon the ground.
Harrowing, is the renting and tearing of the Earth, that the same may cover the seed sowed, or Corn cast upon the Earth.
Breaking of Clods, is the bruising of the Earth, which is in hard clods, that in dry Seasons the Harrow cannot rent in pieces.
Weeding, is cutting up the Weeds, lest the same overgrow, and so spoil the growth of the Corn.
Harvest time, the time when Corn is ripe.
Hay Harvest, Barley Harvest, Wheat Harvest, are the times for cutting of Grass, and those kinds of Grain.
Spritt, or Blasted, when it is beaten down by Rain, and through moisture begins to grow again.
Full Eared, when it is full and well grown Corn.
Reaping, is cutting down of Ripe Corn.
Laying in Rapes, is laying it in heaps to be bound up.
Gathering and Binding, is making them into Sheafs.
The Bond, is that as ties the Corn into Bundles.
A Sheaf of Corn, is a Bundle tied together.
An Hattock, is three Sheafs laid together.
Ridders. Half Thraves, are 12 Sheafs set up together.
A Thrave, is 24 Sheafs of Corn set up together.
Pitching, putting the Sheafs into the Cart, and out of the Cart.
Loading, is the orderly laying the Sheafs in the Cart.
Layding, or Carrying, is to bring the Corn to the Barn.
Gleaning, or Leesing, or Songoing, is gathering of the loose Ears of Corn, after Binding and Loading.
Cutting the Neck, is the last handful of standing Corn, which when it is cut down, the Reapers give a shout, and fall to Eating and Drinking; it being the end of that Mans Harvest for that year.
Mowing, Stacking, or Ricking of Corn, as before in Hay.
Sweating, is when it is hot in the Mow, Stack, or Rick.
Threshing, is the beating of the Corn out of the husk.
Straw, that as the Ears of Corn groweth upon.
Blade, the first springing of the Corn out of the ground, which is like Grass.
Chaff, the husks as covers the Corn, making them into Ears.
Winnowing, Winding, or Haveing, is to cast the Corn and Chaff into the Wind, to blow and cleanse the chaff from it.
Mantling, or Mantle Wind, is to make Wind with a Winnow sheet or course cloth held by two persons.
Ridling, is a sifting the corn from the chaff.
Reeving, is to sift the Corn, to cleanse it from small seeds.
Knottings, or Light Corn, such as is thin, and not well grown.
Paling of Barley, is the beating of it, to get the beards from it.
Bagging, or Sacking of it, is to put the clean Corn into big or little Bags, to carry it into the Garners or Granaries.
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