Joiners and carvers tools.
10. We come now to Joynery, which is an Art Manual, whereby several pieces of Wood are so fitted and joined together by streight lines, squares, Miters, or any Bevile Line, that they do seem one intire piece
Semi circle with line
Image from proof plateCXXXI. He beareth a semi-circle, with its Line and Plummet set upon a Standard. This is an Instrument by which true Levels are taken, as also Heights and Distances; thee semi-circle is generally made of Brass, being divided into 90 equal parts from the line of Level, to each side where the Sight holes are fixed. The Standard is made of Wood, being three feet, which are so framed in the head, that they may be set wider or closer together, according as the place requireth.
Rabbet plane (plow)
CXXXII. In the chief or front of this square, is
placed one of the Joyners working Plains, called a
Plow, which is a narrow Rabbet-Plaine with some
Additions to it, viz. two square Staves, set stiff through
two square Mortesses in the Stock, which are about 7 or
8 inches long, and stand streight and square on the further side of the Stock, which have shoulders on the
out-side of the Stock reaching down to the Wooden
sole of the Plain, to the Wooden sole there is added
an Iron sole of the thickness of the Plow Iron. The
Plow is to make a narrow square Groove on the edge
of a Board or Rail.
Jointer
The second in this square, is termed a Joynter,
which of some is made after this manner, contrary
to that described chap.9. numb.19. but all the difference is the Tote or Handle,
which every Workman maketh according to his own Fancy, all other
parts in the Stock agreeing.
Related text(s) Rabbet plane parts Strike block
Pit saw
CXXXIII. He beareth a Pit Saw in a
Frame: This kind of Pit-Saw with a Frame,
is not in use with us, but in the Up Countreys, it is
altogether made use of, but for what Fancy I judg not,
but think it much easier and better without it.
See
more of this kind of Saw chap.9. numb.2.
Joiner's square
CXXXIV. In this quarter is set three other Instruments necessary in Joyners Work. The first is a
Joyners square of another form than what is mentioned chap.9. numb.15.
It is made of two adjunct
sides of a Geometrical square; that is two pieces of
Wood, the one about an Inch thick, the other a quarter of an Inch, the one is fastned into the other with a
Mortess with Glew and Wooden Pins, so as the two
out-sides and the two inner sides stand at Right Angles one with another.
Joiner's bench hook
The second in the Sinister chief, is called the Joyners Bench Hook, or the Work Bench Hook,
which is an Iron with a long Tang to go through a
hole in the Bench, and a flat half round head, with
Teeth on the streight side, to hold any thing that
should be set against it: So that in it there is the foresaid parts, Viz. the Tang or tail, the Head or flat,
and the Teeth, and all but one Bench Hook.
Smoothing plane
The third thing that is placed in the Base, is termed
a Smoothing Plain, one of a contrary fashion to
that following in chap.9 numb.21. this having a more
flatter bottom and turned down in the ends, each Workman using his own fancy in the fashion of the Stocks.
Paring chisel
CXXXV. These are three sorts of Chissels, the first
is the Paring Chissel, this hath a very fine smooth
edge; its office is to follow the Former, and to pare
off the Irregularities the Former doth make; but of
this see more chap.9. numb.1.
Former
The second is termed a Former, it is a Chissel used before the Paring Chissel in all works, even as
the Fore Plain is used before the Smoothing Plain,
when it is used the Helve of it is knockt upon with the
Mallet, to drive the edge of it into the Stuff: There
are several Sizes of these kind of Chissels, from a quarter of an Inch, to an Inch and half broad.
Former
The third is another kind of Chissel of the nature of
a Former, only it is broad at the Basil or edge part,
and groweth taper all along after till it comes to the
shouldering; of these there are diverse Sizes, from
half or quarter of an Inch, to and Inch and half, and
have their terms according to their breadth, as an half
Inch Former, and Inch Former, &c.
Skew former
CXXXVI. In this quarter in the first place, is a
Skew Former, having the edge deeper down in one
part than another: It is seldom used by Joyners, but
for the cleansing of acute Angles, with its acute angles
on it edges, where other angles Chissels will not so
well come, and also for making of long and narrow
Mortesses in Rails, Stiles and Muntons, &c.
Gouge
The second in this quarter, is termed a Gouge,
which is a Chissel having a round edge, and is for
the cutting of such Wood as is to be rounded or hollowed: Of these there are several sorts from a quarter
of an Inch Gouge, to an Inch and half, some being almost half round, others more open, as in the next Figure.
Inch gouge
CXXXVII. The first Instrument or Tool in this
square, is called an Inch Gouge, without any Handle or Helve, with these sorts and sizes of Chissels Joyners are accommodated to do all kinds of Works both
big and little.
Auger bit
The second Tool is termed an Auger Bit, sans
Handle; it is an half round Tool in the working or
cutting part of it, with the bottom edge turned inwards,
one corner thereof being set a little above the other,
which occasions the sinking or cutting deep into the
Wood, and so by degrees cuts a hole through.
Saw wrest
The third Tool is the Saw Wrest; it is an Instrument of Iron either set in a handle or not, for it may
be used as well without; in the edge of it are made
three or four, or more Nicks; with this (the Joyner having filed the Teeth of his Saw) he sets the said Teeth;
that is, he puts one of the Nicks or Notches of the
Wrest between the first two Teeth of the Blade of
the Saw, and then turns the Wrest, and it will turn
one Tooth to you, and the other from you; and so
do all along the Saw: This setting of the Teeth of
the Saw (as the Work-men call it) is to make the Kerfe
wide enough for the Back to follow the edge; and is
set ranker (that is, more bending outwards) for soft
and course cheap Stuff, than for hard and costly Wood.
Mitre square
CXXXVIII. The first Tool in this square is termed
a Miter square, of a contrary form to the following,
mentioned chap.9. numb.17. It hath an Handle (or
top part) an Inch thick, and three broad, with a
Tongue of the same breadth, and for length 5, 6, or
more inches, according to the breadth of the Work:
it is to be Glewed into the Handle by a Mortess and
Pinned.
Gauge
The second Instrument is a Gage, or square Gage,
from the square piece that runs upon the Staff, but of
this see more chap.9. numb.18. The parts of it are these,
the Staff, the hinder end of it; the fore-end in which
the Tooth is, the Tooth, and the square or oval,
which is that as slips up and down upon the Staff.
Mitre box
The third is termed a Miter Box, it is composed
of pieces of Wood, of an inch thick each, then nailed
together, the one an upright piece, and the other a
bottom piece, and on the upright piece, on its upper
side are the Miter Lines strucken with the Miter
square, from the middle to the right hand, and on
the left, which are sawed down to the bottom of the
said upright piece. This is a way used by Joyners that
make many Frames, to save themselves the Labour of
drawing out Squares, Miters, and several bevils upon their Stuff.
Joiner's working bench
CXXXIX. In this quarter is set forth the form of
the Joyners Working Bench, with all the Appurtenances belonging thereunto, as
First the Plank or Board for the top. in which are made several round holes for the Bench Hook and the Hold Fast; as they have occasion to hold the Work on it.
The Bench Feet, those of the Workmans side being made full of holes, in which are Pins put for the Board or other things to rest upon, while its edges are to be wrought, either by shooting with the Plain, or otherwise, which Pins are to be removed to higher or lower holes, as the breadth of the Board shall require.
The Bench Screw, set on its higher side, to screw Boards to the Bench side, while their edges are plaining or shooting, that they shake or tremble not, but remain steady while they are in working.
The Hold-Fast, which is to keep the Work fast upon the Bench while the Joyner either Saws Tenants, or or cuts Mortesses, or doth any other Work upon it.
The Bench Hook in it, which is to stay or hold Boards, or any other Stuff that is laid flat against it, while they are trying or Plaining.
The Double Screw, is sometimes fixed to the side of the Bench, and sometimes the farther Cheek is laid an edge upon the flat of the Bench, and fastned there with an Hold-Fast, and sometimes two are fastned to the Bench to hold fast some sorts of Stuff, that are to have their edges wrought.
The Mallet, it is always to rest only on the Bench, because of its continued use.
Bench screw
CXL. In chief lyeth that which is called the Bench
Screw, it is made of Wood, the out part flat, which
lieth or is nailed to the Bench side, the other part opened
by degree or steps wider and wider, to fit Boards of all
thicknesses that shall be put between the Bench and it,
through the higher Tang or Lip is put a Wooden
Screw, the same being screwed through the hole, its
end holds the Board fast to the Bench side.
Glue pot
That in the Base is called the Glew Pot, it is commonly made of good thick Lead, that by its substance
it may retain a heat the longer, that the Glew Chill
not, (as Work-men say when it cools) when it is to be
used: It hath a strong Bended Wyer put through two
holes in the sides of it, by which it is transported and
carried from one place to another.
Joiner's mallets
CXLI. In this quarter in the chief part of it are the
fashion and forms of two sorts of Joiners Mallets,
made and used by Joyners, the one square, the other
Bevil wrought; Of this see more numb.76. and
chap.9. numb.4.
Sawing trestle
In the Base, is a thing called the Sawing Tressel,
or a Tressel, which Joyners and Carpenters use to lay
large and great pieces of Timber upon, when they have
occasion to cut them into Tenants, or for other kinds of
peecings, or if they purpose to cut it into lesser or shorter pieces: It is two pieces of Joyce set Salterwise, whose
Angles will hold any thing fast being put between the
two upper ends.
Double screws
CXLII. These are the forms of the double Screws,
mentioned before in the Joyners Bench, numb.139. they
are made of Spar, the Screws are fitted with holes or
Screw Boxes in the Spars fit to receive them, which
being turned, the two pieces are drawn together so
hard, that they hold firmly any thing set between
them.
Plain iron
Image from proof plateIn the Sinister Base is set the form of a Plain Iron, (such Plains I mean) as are to plain Boards smooth; for other Plain Irons are cut with squares and half rounds and after the form of an S according to their Operation.
Whetting block
Image from proof plateCXLIII. In the chief quarter is an Engine called a Whetting Block, or a Block to Whet, or File a Saws Teeth in: It is an end of a Spar, or such piece of Wood, with a Bevil or taper Groove, or Mortess cut from side to side, and in depth half through the Wood; to which is fitted a Wedge answerable to the Groove or Mortess; Into this Groove the Blade of the Saw is put, which is wedged hard in, that it cannot play or quaver under the File, when the Teeth are Filing sharp with a three square File.
Waving engine
The Figure in the Base of this quarter is termed the
Waving Engine; it is a thing wherewith Waved
Work is generally made upon small Frames for Pictures and Looking Glasses, and such like work; and
is in the bottom a long Plank of about seven Inches
broad, and an Inch and half thick: On the middle of
the Plank runs a Rabbet, and upon the Rabbet sides
a Block with an Handle through it, of about an
inch in diameter; and at the further end of the
Block is fastned a Vice, or a Great Hand Vice.
At the other end of the Plank is erected a square strong
piece of Wood about six inches high, having a square
Mortess in it on the top, and bound about with an
Iron Collar somewhat loosely fitted on, having two
Male Screws fitted in two Female Screws, to screw
against that part of the Wood unmortessed, thereby to
hold the Iron that worketh the Moulding, whose lower
end is cut into the form of the said Moulding you intend the work shall have. On the other side the square
wooden piece is fitted another Iron Screw having a
round Plate fastned at the end of it; and at the farther
side is placed a Wooden Screw called a Knob, with a
flat piece of Iron coming through the farther and higher side of the square piece standing edgewise with the
higher edge rounded off or Filed round.
The Riglet, is the board either Moulded, or prepared to be Moulded.
Axe with cross-handle
[This image is not described.]
Related text(s) Waving engine parts
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