10. Upon a farther Enquiry after several sorts of Tools, I find these following to be wanting in those of the Coopers, formerly treated of, which I desire may be added to them in chap.6. numb.65.
Thwittel
CVIII. In this quarter are three Coopers Instruments
which are borne in Arms.
The first is termed a Thwittel, or the Coopers
Thwittel; It is a large strong Knife.
Heel shaves
Them in the base are termed Heele Shaves, of
which (as you may see) there are two kinds; one having the
handles streight with the Edge of the Tool. The other
having the Handles side-ways. The first with the cutting part of the Tool, but half the compass, and then
cut off into corners: The latter having the cutting part
thereof of the same breadth to the handles, before it be
diminished.
Churn shave
CIX. In this quarter also are five useful Tools belonging to the White Coopers, viz. on the dexter
side is three, the Churn Shave, the Drawing Knives, both crooked and streight, and on the
sinister side the Broad Axe, and the Heading Knife;
all which I find born in Coats of Arms, of which I shall
speak in their orders as they lye, and I have named them.
First, the Churn Shave, is a long Staff about a yard and half or more long, with Hoops of Iron at both ends; into which is fixed an Iron Ring or Hoop, with a Tange at the side of it which goeth into the Hoop or Socket at one end of the Staff, and into the other end after the same manner with a Tange is put an half round Instrument of Iron like a large and open Auger.
Drawing knife
Secondly, the Drawing Knife, or more properly
the White Coopers Drawing Knife, because they
only have it thus rounded in the back, and cutting part;
and therefore as the White Cooper and Barrel
Cooper, (termed by the name of the Wine Cooper)
are two distinct Trades, and their Tools different; so
their ought to be a distinction in their Instruments.
Paring knife
Thirdly the Wine Coopers pareing Knife, or
drawing Knife; with this he shaves and fits his Barrel stave or Boards, to such a
breadth and thickness, as is needful for the making them up into a Barrel.
Cooper's axe
Fourthly, the Coopers Axe, or the Broad Axe,
so termed, because they use also another kind of Axe
much like to an Hatchet. This is contrary to all other
Workmens Axes both for shape and usage, having a
large Iron Socket, into which the handle is fixed,
which is but short.
Heading knife
Fifthly, the Heading Knife, or Wine Coopers
Heading Knife, it is a crooked Instrument with two
Handles, one standing inward to the edge, and the
other streight along, answerable to the back of the Knife.
Spoke shave
CX. In this quarter are two Instruments belonging to
the Cooper; that in chief is a Spoke shave, the other
a Lat or Lath Axe.
The first called a Spoke-shave, is an iron with a sharp edge set in a piece of Wood with two handles after the manner of a Plain, with this any round body is made smooth and round.
Lath axe
The second termed a Lath Axe, is an Iron Instrument like a Knife Blade, with a round thick back,
having an Eye, into which a thick strong Handle is
put, the edge standing outwards: With this, great Timber after it is cloven with the Maul and Wedges into
small pieces, it afterwards cleaves them into Laths,
Barrel Boards, and Pannels.
Cooper's hatchet
CXI. He beareth in this quarter a Coopers Hatchet, and a Bung Auger, of the first I have spoken
formerly chap.6. numb.66. only here give you the exact form of the Instrument, being more like the Original Tool than that.
Bung auger
The second is the Bung Auger, which hath its
name generally from its Bigness, the shape and form
being all one and the same: If a large one, it is a Bung
Auger; if less, a Tap Auger; if lesser, then a Vent
Auger, or Vent-hole Bit: But with other Workers
in Wood and Timber, this Instrument is termed a
Taper Bit, because they make all holes wider at the
top than at the bottom.
Round shaft
CXII. He beareth in this Square two Instruments of
the wine Coopers; the one called a Round Shaft, the
other a Drawing Iron. The first is contrary to the
Shaves, or Shafts mentioned numb.108 this haveing the Blade round the edge inwards, and the handle streight forwards.
Drawing iron
The second termed a Drawing Iron, is an Iron
made in the form of a Roman T the top part broad,
and cut into teeth like a Saw, and the lower part Taper,
ending in a point. This Iron set in a halfe Round
Board as numb.113 is shewed, maketh the Groop,
or nick in the top parts of a Barrel, for the Heads, or
ends to be fastned in.
Drawing board
CXIII. The Instrument in this quarter is termed a
Drawing Board as it is ready fixed for the work:
It is an half round Board near an Inch in thickness, with
a square piece of Timber fixed in the middle of it, which
is to move up and down as occasion serveth, in this
square piece is the Drawing Iron fixed. This may be
termed the Coopers Grooping Tool, being the groop
or nick for to fasten the Barrel head in, is made by
it. This I take to be the Instrument expressed in the
Coopers Coat of Arms made anciently of another fashion, as you may
see chap.6. numb.67. but it ought
to be this, with the round part of the Board set upwards,
and the square piece in it erected.
Driver
CXIV. He beareth an Adds or Addice,
between a Driver, and an Hoop
of the third.
The first is the Driver, a piece of Wood cut in the
form of a Wedge, broad and slender below, and narrow and thick above, or in the head; with this by the
help of Blows with the Addice, all sorts of Hoops are driven fast upon Barrels, and other such like Vessels.
[Cf. Chapter 6, no. 74]
Longnate addice
The second is the Addice, called more properly the
Longnate Addice; it is like a square faced Hammer
with an indifferent long Neck at one end; and the other
like an Hatchet, with the edge turned crossways, and
bending a very little to the handle; so that it is serviceable to drive or cut any flat thing.
Hoop
The third, is the Hoop, of which there are two sorts,
the one (which this Figure doth decipher) is termed the
White Ware Hoop, these are made broad and slender, and are held fast together, and about the Vessel that
it is put on with holes and notches cut into it, which they
term the Notching of a Hoop. The Barrel Hoop
is an half round Hoop, whose ends are made fast one
over the other with Osier or Withy Twigs, which
they term Twigging of a Hoop. Such an one you
may see numb.118.
Compasses
CXV. In this Quarter are other three Instruments of
the Coopers Trade, as the Compasses, the paring
Ladder, and the Ringing Addice.
First the Compasses, are made of Wood, round in the shanks, and half round in the turning part, or head; the ends are hooped with Iron, and Iron Pins put into them: Now by the help of a piece of Wood, with a screw at both ends, and put through screw holes in the midst of the said Compasses, the same are made wider open, or closer shut, by turning of the said Screw in it.
Under these great Compasses I have caused another fashion of Compasses to be made, yet not much differing from them though of an Elder standing.
Paring ladder
The second, is the paring Ladder, or Coopers
Ladder, with a pareing Staff in it: By the help of
this all Barrel Staves or Boards are held fast and safe
while the Work-man is paring or shaving them fit for his
purpose.
This is the Instrument now in use for that purpose; but in our Fore-fathers time they made use of another thing called a Lathe, wich I have described in chap.6. numb.70. but not knowing what it was, I gave a wrong name and description of it, which here be pleased to take notice that it is termed a Lathe, whose use was to shoot Staves in, and to join them and truss them without any Fire, or very little Fire: It hath Screws at the two ends, to draw the middle rounds together, or set them farther off, as the Work required. It is now quite laid aside by our Coopers, not one of them scarce knowing what it meaneth.
Runging addice
The third, is the Runging Addice: This is in all
respects like an Hatchet, save the edge part stands cross
to that of the Hatchet, turning back towards the Handle.
Runging addice
CXVI. He beareth a Runging Addice.
This is another sort of those Addice, and by the Dutch
and German Heralds are generally made thus, with round
eyes or holes for the haume or handle.
Round bellied rung
CXVII. He beareth a Round Bellied Rung
covered.
Rung
CXVIII. He beareth in this square three things which
are the Workmanship of the Cooper, or White
Ware Cooper. The first is termed a Rung, or a
Tub, or a Washing Tub, such as Laundresses wash
their Linens in.
Barrel
The second is a Barrel erected, and hooped, or double hooped at both ends, with a Square Door opened
in the middle of it; on the head of it is a Tuft of Grass.
Some term the Barrel with a Window ... Diogenes Tub.
Barrel hoop
The third is a Barrel hoop, or a Twigged hoop.
Gauging rod
Image from proof plateIn the chief of this square lyeth a Geometrical Rule, or Gaging Rod; it is for length 3 foot, and hath four scales described upon it, the one is an ordinary scale of Inches, numbered by the Figures 1,2,3, to 36. and that divided into halfs, quarters, and eighths. The second Scale (if you turn the Rod) is divided each into 7 inches into ten equal parts, and those into lesser parts. The third Scale (still turning the Rod towards you) is of Wine Measure, which is from Gallons into eight parts representing Pints. The fourth is the Scale of Ale Measure, which is again subdivided into Pints and Quarters; whose use see Clerks Tutor for Arithmetick, p. 95.
Auger
CXIX. Here is in this quarter the form of an Auger
rightly drawn, and an Hollowing Knife; the first used
altogether in Carpentry Work, and but seldom with a
Cooper, yet it is used by them, therefore may come
amongst their Tools.
Hollowing knife
The Hollowing Knife is a Tool much like the
paring Knife, one part of the cutting being streight, the
other end rises into a semi circle or half round, by
means whereof any round body either with an Invex or
Convex may be wrought, provided it be of length
Cilender like.
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