Chapter 3, Item 56a
Print workmen
Persons Instrumental about Printing.
The Master Printer who is the Soul of Printing; all other workmen about it are as Members to the Body.
| The Letter Cutter | } | |
| The Mattrice or Mould-Maker | } | all called Letter Founders |
| The Letter Caster | } | |
| The Letter Dresser | } | |
| The Compositer | } | |
| The Corrector | } | all goe under the Notion of Printers |
| The Press-Man | } | |
| The Ink-Maker | } |
Beside several other Trades they take into their assistance without whose help they could not work: as Smith, Joyner, Wett-Glover, &c.
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Chapter 3, Item 56b
Printer's press
The several Parts of a Press.
The Press, is a Machine consisting of many Members, as
The Feet, are the two bottom peeces on which the Cheeks are fixed by Mortess and Tennants.
The Cheeks, are the 2 upright standards of the Press.
The Cap, is the top peece, which fastens the Cheeks above.
The Winter, is a peece under the Carriage: to hold the two Cheeks at a due distance.
The Head, is that peece through which the top of the Screw goeth, having a Female Screw fixed in it.
The Till, is a Board about an Inch thick, through the middle whereof the Shank of the Spindle goeth.
The Hose, is that peece of Iron work through which the Shank of the Spindle goeth.
The Hose Screws, are Screws with ears to turn them, whereby the Platin Cords are made more loose or tyght.
The Hooks on the Hose, on which the Plattin hangs, are 4 Hooks on the outsides of the said Iron work.
The Spindle, is the thick peece of Iron on whose top is a screw of three Worm.
The Neck of the Spindle, that part just under the square.
The Eye of the Spindle, the square hole in the middle.
The Shank of the Spindle, all from the square part to the end.
The Toe of the Spindle, is the very bottom of it, which is of an Hemispherical form.
The Worm is the out part of the Screw, of which one part lieth below the head of the Press, and the other lies in the Nut of the Head.
The Nut or Screw Box, in which the great Screw turneth.
The Platin, a square Planck with a Smooth Face, to press down on the Letters, and is tied on the Hooks of the Hose.
The Platin hooks, are four Iron Hooks at the four corners Wormed or Screwed into the said Plank on the upper side.
The Platin Plate, is an Iron fixed in the middle of the Plank, on which is an Iron Frame.
The Stud of the Platin, is a kind of square Pan, set on the middle of the Iron Frame, so as to take out and put in, in the middle whereof is a center hole, for the Toe of the Spindle to work in.
The Platin Cords, are them as tie the Hooks to the Hose Hooks.
The Bar, is the crooked Iron on which the handle of Wood is fixed.
The Catch of the Bar, is a Bevile Piece of Wood to stay the Bar when it flies back. The Handle of the Bar, is that by which the Workman turns the Screw.
The Hind Posts, are two upright Posts wrought with round tops, set behind the Cheeks of the Press.
The Hinder Railes, are them as fastens the Posts to the Cheeks, by Mortess and Tennants: There are six of them, two behind, and two on each side.
The Wedges of the Till.
The Mortesses in the Cheeks, are the square holes in which the Tennants of the head are placed.
The Carriage, is the sliding Plank on which the Marble Stone is laid.
The Outward Frame of the Carriage,
The Cramp Irons, are square Irons with battered Heads to nail on the underside of the Plank of the Coffin to make it slide better on the Iron Ribs.
The Iron Ribs, are long Irons fastned to the Wooden Ribs, for the Carriage to slide upon.
The Wooden Ribbs on which the Iron Ribbs are fastned, they are four set at an equal distance, and fastned by two end Railes.
The Stay of the Carriage, or the Stay: is the Girth fastned to the Carriage, to hold it that it shall go so far, and no further.
The Coffin, is a square Frame at the fore-end of the Carriage, and is the place where the Marble Stone, or Lignum Vitae plank lieth; or is Bedded. The Stone of Marble, or Plank of Lignum Vitae.
The Gutter, is a peece of Wood three Inches larger then the Coffin, and is placed behind it: having a groove in the said Wood.
The Plank, is that on which the Coffin is placed.
The Gallows, is a thing of Wood like it, set on the hinder part of the Plank, and fastned thereon by two Male Duftaile grooves.
The Timpan, is a square frame, three sides are Wood and one Iron.
The Matcht Joynt, is the Joynt or thing fastned to the Timpan and hinder Raile of the Coffin.
The Inner Timpan, is a Frame three sides Wood, and one Iron.
The Frisket, is that as is laid on the Paper when it is Printing to keep it clean.
The Stay of the Frisket, is that as holds it from falling back when it is opened.
The Points, are Iron Plates with a sharp point at one end of them. The Point Screw, is a square head with a square Shank at the end whereof is a Screw, on which is a Nut with a Female Screw with Ears to twist it about.
The Studs, the peeces of Wood that the Iron Pinns of the Barrel turns in.
The Rowler or Barrell, with its shoulder on each side, for the Girth to run in.
The Iron Wheel with Teeth, which upon its turning is stopt against a clicker.
The Turning Clasp, is that as holds the inner Timpan close within the oute Timpan.
The Clicker, or stop for the Iron Wheel that it turn not.
The Cube, the Square part in the middle of the Spindle.
The Axis or Spindle, is a long Bar of Iron on which the Girth Barrel is fixed.
The Winch, is the Iron by which the Barrel or Girth Rowle is turned.
The Rounce, is the handle of the Winch which is of Wood.
The Sockets, are two Irons in which the Spindle turns.
The Garter or Coller, is the round hoop in Compassing the flat Groove, or Neck on the Shank of the Spindle.
The Half Joynt, and the Match half Joynt; are the hinges upon which the Frisket moves, and are taken asunder by taking out the Iron Pin.
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Chapter 3, Item 56c
Printer's letter sizes
The terms of the Letters according to their Size or Bigness.
| 1. Pearl | 184 | ) | |
| 2. Nonparel | 150. | ) | |
| 3. Brevier | 112. | ) | |
| 4. Long Primma | 92. | ) | |
| 5. Pica | 75 | ) | contained in 1 foot |
| 6. English | 66 | ) | |
| 7. Great Primmer | 50 | ) | |
| 8. Double Pica | 38 | ) | |
| 9. Two Lined English | 33 | ) | |
| 10. Great Cannon | 17 and half | ) |
A Body, is the quantity of each Letter.
A Fount, or Fund of Letters; is so many as are cast of each Body, whether more or less; which are provided sutable to the Work he designs to do.
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Chapter 3, Item 56d
Printer's letter terms
Terms relating to the face of a Letter.
Here you must note that the Body of a Letter hath four principal lines passing through it (or at least imagined to pass through it) at Right angles to the Body; viz.
The Top Line, or the Topping; is the straight fine stroak or stroaks that is the top Line of ascending Letters, as b. d. f. h. k. l. s. ...
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Chapter 3, Item 56e
Printer's corrections
Notes of Correction made by the Corrector.
The Corrector in his first reading of the Printed Copy ought to be very carefull and vigilantly examine the proofe and consider diligently the Poynting, Italicking, Capitaling, or any errour which through mistake is committed by the Compositor, which in the Margent he notes that they may be mended: using these following notes.
c| If he find one Letter instead of another, as tho for the word the, he dashes out the wrong Letter, & writts the Letter it should be in the Margent of the Page or Colume right against the same Line where the mistake is: Some making a dash behind it as afore is noted.
...
After all this the Corrector examines that all the Signatures are right, and all the Titles and Folios: a Proof of the mending of each particular fault by the Compositor being again given him, which is called a Revise Sheet, he examins in this Revise fault by fault; if all the faults he marks in the first or second Proof Sheet were carefully mended, if not he marks them in the Revise.
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Chapter 3, Item 56f
Punctuation points
Points used in Printing.
A Comma which is thus , and is used as a breathing place
A Semi-Colon thus ; A Colon thus : it is used in the middle of the Sentence.
A Period or full Point thus . which is at the end of a Sentence.
An Introgation Point thus ? It is used in asking of Questions.
...
Accent Letters, see in Printers Terms.
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Chapter 3, Item 56g
Printer's equipment
Several other things belonging to the Art of Printing.
Assidue or Assidine, is thin Brass Plate, such as adorn hobby Horses: Founders use it to underlay the Body or Mouth piece of their Moulds, if they be too thin.
Balls, are those with which the Letters are inked or made black that they may Print.
Ball Knife, is a blunt Knife laid by, with which the Balls are scraped.
Ball Leather, is Pelts or Sheep skins, of which they cover the Balls.
Ball Nails,
Ball Stocks,
Beard Gage, a thing to try Angles, whether they be true or not.
Bearer, is a Riglet made Letter high and fastned to the Frisket, to keep the white Pages adjacent to the sides of the other Pages, from spots, and that they shall not cause the other to Print hard, as otherwise they will do.
Blankets, Woollen Cloth or white Bays to lay between the Timpans.
Blocks Groves, are hard Wood, made with a taper Groves in to receive Wedges.
Blocks, are the Male Wedges fitted for the said Groves, to hold a thing fast in it.
Brace, is a Character cast in Mettle thus marked } of which there are to be of them several breadths, to hook in or Brace so many Lines as is required.
Brass Rules, thin Plates the height of the Letter, which serves to make black Lines in Columes and Pages: Printing Rules.
Brayer, is a round wooden Rubber, flat at the bottom, it is used in the Inke-block to Bray and Rub Inke.
Bodkin,
Composing Stick, it is a wooden Rule with a back ledge for cast Letters to be set up in, that the Founder may scrape and dress them.
Case or Cases, are the Boxes in which each Letter is put, called the Upper Case, and the Lower Case; one holding the Capitals, the other the small Letters.
Chase, is an Iron Frame about 22 Inches long, and 18 broad, having a cross in the middle, in this are the Letters made fast when Printed.
Cards, is about a quire of Paper which Press-men use to lay upon a Form, when he hangs the Platin, see Card.
Composing Rule, is a thin Brass Rule cut the exact length as the sliding measures it set to make its Lines, it hath a small notch at one end to take it out of the Composing Stick.
Composing Stick, it is made of Iron, with sliding measures, in it the letters are set in that length of Lines as the Workman pleaseth.
Correcting Stone, is a Marble or Purbeck Stone, large enough to hold two Chases, on which the Compositer makes up his Forms, and Corrects them.
Counter Punches, are Punches to strike into the Face of Letters, to make them hollow or open from the body of the Letter.
Characters of Astronomical Sign, are Planet Characters, Aspects; also Physical and Chimical Characters.
Coyns, are also Quadrat high, and have one of their sides Beviled away, that they may Wedge of Lock up the Form, that the Letters fall not out of the Chase: their further office is to make Register at the Press, to keep the Form that it move not.
Cross long, and Cross short; are the cross pieces of Iron set in the middle of the Chase.
Distributing Stick, or Riglet; is that which the Distributer holds the Letters upon while he is distributing them into their several Boxes.
Dressing Block, and Dressing Block-Groove; are Male and Female Blocks one Wedging in another, by which Letters are held fast to be dressed.
Dressing Hook, Dressing Knife, and Dressing Sticks; are Instruments by which Letters are made smooth, even, and tite.
Distributing Frame, the Frame on which the Forms are set to be Distributed.
Female Gage, Screws, &c are the hollow Gage or hollow Screw that receives its Match Gage, or Screw, &c. the Screw Nut, or Box.
Flat Gage, is a flat piece of Box, or hard Wood made square, with several corners to hold a Rod of Steel or Body of a Mould.
Flat Table, is a Brass about an Inch and a half square, to trie if the Shanks of Punches be exactly perpendicular.
Foot Step, is an Inch board nailed on a piece of Timber, set under the Press for the Press-man to stay his right foot against when he pulls at the Press.
Foot-stick, see Furniture.
Furnice, the place where the Mettle is melted to cast the Letter with.
Funnel, is the place where the smoak goeth through from the Furnace Fire.
Furniture, by which is ment all the Wood work used in the Chase, to keep the Form of Letter fast Wedged therein, as Head Sticks, Foot Sticks, Side Sticks, Gutter Sticks, Riglets, Quoins and Scabbords.
Frame, is that on which the Case of Boxes rest; It is also taken for the out side of Case, which is stronger then the Boxes within, and is also an Inch broader at the bottom.
Face Gage,
Finger Stalls, Leather to put on Boys Fingers to secure them in rubbing of Letters.
Gage, Gages mentioned and used by Letter make have ajunt name as Flat Gage, Joynt Gage, Italick Gage, Long Gage, Maie Gage, Short Gage, Steel Gage, Standing Gage, which see in their respective Alphabets.
Gally, is a board with ledges on three sides of it, in which the Compositer emptieth his Stick full of Letters to compose a Page, it hath a handle to pull the board in the Grove in and out, see Slice.
Geat, is the little spout or gutter made in the brim of Founders casting Ladles.
Gutter Sticks, are Sticks with Gutters in, which are used to be set between Pages on each side of the crosses in the Chase.
Girth or Girts, are thongs of Leather cut out of a Horse Hide or Bull, these are nailed to the Barrel and the end of the Carrage, that by the turning of the Rounce, the said Carrage is drawn in and out of the Platin.
Gage Plate, a Gage for the trial of Letters sides and height.
Head Stick, see Furniture; those Sticks are at the Head of the Form, in the Chase.
Horse, the Form or Bench Presmen set the heaps of Paper on.
Hammer, it is a large Hammer commonly use, but hath no Claws but a Pen.
Joynt flat Gage, this consists of two Cheeks fastned together at one end like a Carpenters Joynt Rule.
Italick Gage, and other standing Gages; are only to measure the slope of the Letter Stem.
Inke, of Printing Inke there are two sorts, weak Inke and strong Inke, one for use the Summer, the other for Winter.
Kerning Knife, is a strong piece of a broken Knife, set in a Wooden handle with which Founders kern their kerned Letters.
Kerning Stick, is a small stick according to the bigness of the Letter that is to be kerned or scraped.
Knife-Backt Sculptor, is a Sculptor or Graver with a thin edge on its back.
Knife file, a File with a thin edge.
Knot, is a small square piece of Box Wood, the one above, the other below the Tongue of the Plow, as a Stay for it, when it runs through the Block.
Ladles, are those things as the hot Mettle is taken out of the Melting Furnice and powred into the casting Moulds, see Letter Ladles.
Leather Grove, the Matrice being justified; there is a Grove filed round about it (or a Notch or Nick) in the top to tie a Leather fast to.
Letter Boards, are oblong squares, about two foot long, and eighteen Inches broad, plain and flat, with two ledges at the under side, to bear them off the Ground: on these the Letters are laid when Unlocked form the Chase, where they are ready to be distributed.
Letter Ladles, differ nothing from common Ladles save in the size of these the Caster of Letters hath many of several sizes, to fit the several sizes of Letters he has to cast, both for Body and Thickness.
Liner, is a straight Plate of Iron or Brass, made sharp and fine, that it may try the face of the Punch or other work, whether it be straight or no.
Lining stick, it is all made of Brass, having a plain, a side ledge, a bottom ledge and a Stilt: It is an inside square exactly wrought, and with small Rivets fastned on the side edge and bottom.
Long Cross, see Chase.
Long Gage, are Notches, or Gages cut into a thin Plate of Steel, Iron, or Brass: of which the long one is for long Letters, and the short Gage for short Letters.
Lower Case, is the lower Box for the smaller sort of Letters to be distributed into.
Lye-Trough, to wash the Letters in.
Letters of all sorts and sizes, of English, Roman, and Italick.
Lye-Kettle, it is to heat the Lye in, for the washing the black of the Letters.
Lye-Brush, is a long bristled Brush to scoure and rub the Lye upon the Letters.
Male Gage, the outward Gage or Screw, that enters or fits its Match Gage or Screw.
Mallet,
Matrice,
Mettle, that of which the Body of the Letter are cast.
Mould, is that in which the Letters are cast according to their shape.
Mouth Piece,
Notch of the Matrice, it is a stay on the back of it, to hold the point of a Wyer or Spring of the Mould in, that the Matrice start not back.
Nest Frames, these are Frames made to hold Cases, Letter Boards, &c. that lie out of present use.
Nails, viz, Ball Nails or Pumping Nails; having round or square heads.
Open Furnace, so called because the Aire blows in through all the sides to fan the fire.
Oyle, viz. Sallet Oyle to make the Press run easie; and Linseed Oyle to make Varnish for Printing Ink.
Pack-thrid, fine Pack-thrid it is to tie up the Pages when composed.
Pan, the great Ladle that Founders melt their Mettle in, when they are casting Letters.
Paper Bench, see Horse.
Paper Board, see Letter Boards.
Peel, is an Instrument made of a Board with a long or short handle or stail, according to the height of the place where it is used; by this Printed Sheets are hung upon Cords, Poles, or Racks, to dry, and by them taken down again.
Pelts, Sheep skins untanned, used for Ball Leathers.
Plow, it is almost like a Joyners common Plain, sawe through the length of the Sole runs such a tongue as throw the Male Block.
Press, or Printing Press,
Paper Windows, which keep out heat and the Suns Glory in Summer, and Frost in the Winter.
Points, or marks in Printing, such as are used in Sentences, as Comme's, Colon's, full Points, &c. of which the particulars in Points use in Printing.
Partchement, or Forrel, or Vellom.
Punches,
Quadrates, large spaces which make white lines
Quoins, are Wedges to lock the Form.
Quotation Quadrats, these are cast of different Bodies, that the Compositer may have choise of them to justifie his Notes and Quotations exactly against the designed line of the Page: they are cast the height of the Quotations.
Racks, to hang Printed Paper on to dry.
Riglets, is a sort of Furniture of an equal thickness all its length. It is Quadrat high of several thickness, viz. A Nonparel, Brevier, Long-Primmer, Pica, &. Thick.
Rincing Trough, the Trough wherein Forms are Washed and Rinced in.
Rules, viz. Brass Rules Letter height, by which black lines are made under the running Titles of Books, and on the sides of Pages and between Columns.
Scabbord,
Shank, the square Mettle the face of the Letter stands on, is its Shank.
Sheeps Foot, that as the Press-man driveth Nails into his Ball-stocks, or any other thing he hath occasion to Nail: It hath at one end a Hammers face, and the other end a Claw to draw Nails.
Shooting Stick, is made of Box or other hard Wood and tough, its shape is a perfect Wedge; with it are the Quoins knocked up in the Chase to lock the Form.
Short Cross, is the over cross piece of Iron work set in the middle of the Chase, in which long holes are made through, for the Points fixed on the Tympan to fall into.
Side Sticks, are the outer side sticks which are placed against the out sides of Pages; which are sloped, or made Wedge-wise from one end to the other, and are Quadrat height.
Slice, is a little thin Iron Shovel, through the handle whereof is fixed a cross piece about the thickness of a small curtain rod: It is principally used about the black on the Ink block. The Slice is also the Board with a handle that runs into the Galley.
Sliding Gage, it differeth but little from the Joyners running Gage: Its use is to set off distances between the Shoulder and the Tooth, and so to mark it.
Smoak Vent, is the hole in the Furnice through which the Smoak passeth.
Soft Ink, Ink or Varnish moderately boiled.
Solace, see Customs of the Chappel.
Spaces, are those Shanks which have no letter on the faces but lie below them, and are set between Word and Word to keep them asunder.
Stick, the composing stick is often so called.
Stirring Pot, is a long strong Iron Pot, with an handle about two yards, with it being red hot, is stirred the Mettle and Lead together in melting Pots, till they be well incorporated.
Stoak Hole, a round hole out of which the fire in the Furnice proceeds.
Stoaking Rod, a Rod of thick Wyer, put into such a handle as is the handle of a Letter Ladle, founders use it to stir up the fire in the Furnace.
Stop, or Stops; these are kind of Matrices, without any Letters sunk into them, by which are cast in the Mould Spaces thick and thin, N Quadrats, M Quadrats, Quadrats of several bigness.
Superior Letters, are Letters often set to Marginal Notes: they are Letters of a small face, high justified by the Founder in the Mould near the top line.
Sheers, are such as Taylors use, which are for cutting of Brass Rules, and Scabboard.
Stake, or Anvil; a great Iron for a Smith to Forge Iron or Steel work upon.
Tache, a small Work-bench, or Screwed into the Vice, so as the Noches may stand forwards to rest the Shank of a Punch in.
Timpan Cloth,
Timpan Sheets, Paper Sheets fixed on it.
Underlays, are small slips of Scabbord put under letters to raise them higher for the Printing of red Letters or Words.
Varnish, a boiled Oyle with which Printing ink of diverse colours is made.
Visorum, this is used for direction to the Compositer to have his Eye quick upon his Coppy, by pricking the point of the Visorum upon the Frame at the &. Box, then fold the leaf of the Coppy so as it may rest on the square Shoulder near the bottom of the Visorum.
Wind Furnace, see Open Furnace.
Wind Hole, or Air hole in the Furnace; is a square hole to let in Air that the fire may burn the freer.
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Chapter 3, Item 56h
Printer's terms
The Terms used in the Art of Printing Alphabetically Explained.
Abreviations, are Characters, or Marks on Letters to signifie either a Word or Syllable, as e over the Head of y signifies (the) and a t over y signifies that. And a straight stroak over the head of Vowels abreviates m or n.
Accents, are dashes or marks over the Vowels.
Accented Letters, are marked Letters of which there are these kinds: First the Grave Accent thus over a Vowels head marked ` The Accute Accent, thus marked ´ The Circumflex Accent thus marked ˆ The Deerecis Accent thus marked ¨
Air-hole, a hole under the Hearth of the Founders Furnice, to let in the Aire, that the Fire may burn the freer.
Ash-hole, the place where the Ashes that fall from the Hearth are taken away.
Ashes, Letter Founders call the skimmings of their Mettle, and the sweepings of their Houses Ashes, and save them to be refined: see Fat or Lean Ashes.
Ascending Gage, is the Gage of Letters that rise above the Body.
Assidue or Assidine, is thin Brass Plate, such as adorn Hobby-horses; Founders use it to underlay the Body or Mouth piece of their Moulds, if they be too thin.
Back of the Composing Stick.
Backside of the Form, is the under side that touches the Correcting-Stone, or Press-Stone.
Bad Coppy, when a Book to be Printed is badly Written or unperfect.
Bad Work, any fault at the Case or Press, or at the Furnice, or at the Dressing-Block &c. is in Workmens Language called so.
Bake, is when Letters stick together in distributing, which the Compositer cannot without great trouble get asunder: This is called the Letter is Baked.
Beam,
Beard of a Letter, is the outer angle or edge at the square shoulder of the shank, which reaches almost up to the Face of the Letter, and is commonly scraped off by the Founder.
Bearer, is a stay or support to any thing they work at: But it is generally taken for a Riglet of a convenient thickness put on the Frisket to keep the sides of white Pages from hard Printing.
Beat, is blacking the Letters with the Ink Ball, by beating upon the Face of the Letters set in the Form.
Beat Fat, if the Press-Man takes too much Inke on his Balls, they will make the Letters too black. Yet the black English faced Letters is generally beaten fat.
Beat Lean, is to take but little Inke and often: for all small Letters must be beaten Lean for fear of filling with Inke.
Benvenue, the ancient Customs of the Printers.
Bite or Bites, is when the Frisket Prints upon the sides of the Pages.
Body, is the shanke of the cast Letter, which they call the Body of the Letter.
Botthing of a Matrice, is to strike a Bur into the side of it, to make it stand of the Register, if in case it be too thin, or past a Paper or Card to the side to thicken it.
Bottom Line, is the lower place that a descending Letter can be made too.
Bottom of the Matrice, is the lower end of it, near which the Letter is Punched.
Break, is a piece of a line, or ending of the Paragraph.
Break, is also the Mettle that is contiguous to the Shank of a new cast Letter: this is made in the Mouth piece of the Letter Mould, and is called a Break because always broken off from the Shank of the Letter.
Breaking off, is breaking the said Break off the Letter,
Brevier,
Broad side, is a Form of one full Page, Printed on one side of a whole Sheet of Paper, as a Sheet Almanack.
Broken Letter, by it is ment the breaking of the orderly succession the Letters stood in, either in a Line, Page or Form: Also it is used for the mingling of Letters together, which in mingling is called Pie.
Bur, see Rag.
Bed the Stone, the Stone is well and evenly laid in the Coffin of the Carriage.
Burn Oyle, is to boil it, and then fire it, that the oyliness may be consolidated and drawn out: but this must be done with Art, else they may fire the house in burning the Oyl.
Batter, when the face of a Letter is spoiled, they say it is Battered.
Botches, it is a kind of bad Workman-ship, that is, when it hath Pigeon holes, thin Spaces, no Spaces before Capitals, short &'s. abbreviated words, and titled Letters, &c with several other Settings are esteemed Botches.
Canon, the great Canon is the name of the largest Letter for Printing that is used in England.
Card, is when several Bodies of Letters are set in a Page, Compositers to justifie that Page to an exact length, put a Card to some white line, or other Break and lengthen out the Page the thickness of a Card. And Press-Men also use a Card sometime for an underlaying.
Case Lyes, is into what Box the several Letters are disposed.
Case is Low, when a Case grows empty of Letters, Compositers say the Case is low, the Boxes having but few Letters in them.
Case is Full, viz. A Case full of Letters, wanting no sorts.
Case stands Still, when the Compositer is not at Work at his Case, it is said the Case stands still.
Cassie Quires, are the two out side Quires in a Ream, called also Cording Quires.
Cassie Paper, are Quires made up by the Paper-maker of Torn, Wrinkled, Stained or otherwise naughty Sheets.
Cast, is to cast Letters in the Moulds.
Cast off Coppy, or Counting of Coppy (for both Phrases are indifferently used) is to examine and find out how much either Printed or Written Coppy will come in into an intended number of Sheets, of a different Body or Measure from the Coppy.
Chappel, every Printing-House is Termed a Chappel.
Charge, is to fill Paper with great Pages: It is also used for the filling of a Page with long and many Lines. Also to fill a Line with many Letters: And to fill a Pot with Stubs and Antimony.
Choake, if a Form be not washed in due time, the Inke will get into and dry in the hollows of the Face of the Letter, and that getting in of the Inke, is called Choaking of the Letters, or Choaking of the Form.
Clean Proofe, when a Proofe hath but few faults in it.
Close Matter, Matter that hath but few Breaks or Whites in it.
Close Work, the same.
Collation Books, or Colationing of Books; is first to examine whether the whole number of Sheets that belongs to a Book are rightly gathered: Secondly to examine that two Sheets of one sort be not gathered into the Book. Thirdly to examine whether the proper Signature of every Sheet lie on its proper corner of the gathered Book.
Come, or Comes; when the Face and the Shank of a Letter is cast perfect, Founders say it comes well; If unperfect they say, it does not come, or it comes not well.
Come Down, the Toe of the Spindle is said to come down by pulling the Bar; so the Bar is said to come down when it is pulled near the hither Cheek of the Press. Also the Press-Man is said to come down the Form with his Balls, when he beateth down the Form.
Companions, are two Press-Men working at one Press; the one; which is named the first hath his choise to Pull or Beat: the second take the refuse.
Comes off, a Form that receives a good Impression, is said to come off well: If a bad Impression, it comes off ill, or it comes not well off. Also it is used in gathering of Books, for a Heap that is gathered off, is said to come off.
Compositer, he that composes or Sets the Letters.
Cording-Quires, the outside Quires of a Ream.
Correct, when the Corrector reads the Proof, or the Compositor mend the faults he marked in the Proof, they are both said to Correct; that is, the Corrector the Proof, the Compositer corrects the Form.
Corrections, the Letters marked in the Proof, are called Corrections.
Counting of Coppy, see Cast off Coppy.
Cull Paper, are the good and whole Sheets picked out of the Cassie Quires.
Cutting the Frisket, is the cutting so much of the Partchment away from the Frisket cover, as the Form doth Print on the Sheet.
Chapter, the Head of a Matter: Books are commonly divided in Chapters and Chapters into Sections, And Sections into Paragraphes or Breaks as Printers call them: This is the breaking off at a full Point, and beginning a new line.
Column, is when a Page or side of a Leaf Written or Printed, is divided into two or more parts along the Paper, those divisions are called Columns.
Dance, when the Form is locked up, if upon the rising of it form the Stone, he finds there are many Letters do not rise with the Form, but are ready to drop out, he saith the form danceth.
Dele,
Distribute, is putting the Letter into their several Boxes again after the Form is Printed off.
Devil, the Press-Man sometimes have a Week Boy to take Sheets as they are Printed off the Tympan, or run of Arrants: These Boys do in a Printing-House commonly black and dawb themselves; whence the Workmen do jocosely call them Devils, and sometimes Spirits, and sometimes Flies.
Direction, is the word that stands alone on the right Hand in the bottom line of a Page, is the Direction word for the following side of the Leaf.
Direction Line, the Line the Direction stands in.
Double Letter as ae st sh and several others cast on one Shank are called Double Letters.
Double, or Doubling; it is a Sheet that is twice pulled and hath a double Impression, this Sheet is said to be double: or if the Pressman run him in so far, as the further side in some part of the Sheet Print with the first pull, or the hinder edges of the first Pull, Print with the second pull, either of these twice Printings is called Doubling.
Dress a Chase, or Dress a Form, is all one: It is to fit the Pages and Chase with Furniture and Quoins.
Dressing Letter, is to make them straight and tite, that they may come well, and lie even both in the Face and Shank.
Drive out, is when a Compositer sets his Words wide, he is said to Run out, or to Drive out: Also in Founding, if [a]Letter be cast too thick in the Shank it is said to Drive out. Also if it be cast too thick in any part of the Shank, as at the Head, Foot, Side, they say it Drives out at Head, it Drives out at Foot, &c.
Deep Cut, Letters that are deep cut and stand high above the Shank, Print clear the longer, and are less subject to entertain picks.
Dedication, the Patronizing or Presenting of a Book by the Author to some particular Person.
Doubling, or Slurring; is when the Paper is double Printed, which oft happens by the removing of the Sheet on the Tympan at going under the Plattin.
Empty Case, see Case is Low.
Easie Pull, see Soft Pull.
Easie Work, is a Printed Coppy, or a fair Written Hand, and full of Breaks is that as pleaseth a Compositer, and is by them called Good Coppy, Light, Easie Work: Also a great Letter and small Form is called Easie Work.
Empty Press, a Press that stands by, which no Workman works at: most commonly every Printing House hath one of them for a Proof Press, viz. To make Proofs on.
English Body, are the cast Letters of the English Alphabet.
English Face, are English face Letters.
Even Page, the first Page of a Sheet or Form is called an Odd Page, but the second, fourth, sixth, or any other even numbered Page, is called an Even Page.
Face of a Letter, is that flat part of the Punch on which letter is cut, to be stamped or sunk into the Matrice.
Face of a Page, or Form; the Superficies or top part of the Page or Form, where the Faces of every Letter lieth in the same plain.
Fat Ashes, Founders call their Ashes Fat, if they are considerable heavy, because then they have much Mettle in them.
Fat, see Beat Fat.
Fat Letter, or Fat Face; is a broad Stemmed Letter.
First, is the first or chief Workman at the Press, he that takes his choise whether he will Beat or Pull.
First Form, the Form the white Paper is Printed on, which generally by rule ought to have the first Page of the Sheet on it.
First Page,
First Pull, is the Pull that Prints the first running half Sheet under the Press, or the first pulled side of the Sheet.
Fly, see Devil.
Follow, viz. See if it follow, is a term as well used by the Corrector as by the Compositer and Press-Man, and it is to examine how the beginning matter of a succeeding Page, agrees with the ending matter of the precedent Page; and how the Folio's of those Pages numerically follow and succeed one another, least the Pages should be Transposed: and whether the Signature of the Pages follows orderly according to the Volume, lest the Form should be laid wrong in the Press.
Foot of the Letter, the break end of the Shank of a Letter.
Foot Line, the bottom Line to which a letter extends.
Foot of a Page, the bottom or end of a Page.
Form, are the Pages of Composed Letters, when they are fitted to the Chase.
Foul Proof, is when a Proof Sheet hath may Letters and Faults marked in it.
Fount, is the whole number of Letters that are cast of the same Body and Face at one time.
Froze out, in the Winter when the Paper is Frozen, and the Letter Frozen, so as the Workmen cannot Work; they say, they are Froze out.
Fryer, is when the Balls do not take, the untaking part of the Balls that touches the Form will be left white; or if the Pressman skip over any part of the Form, and touch it not with the Balls though they do take, yet in both these cases the white places is called a Fryer.
Full Form, or Page; is a Form or Page with few or no breaks or white lines.
Full Press, is when two Men work at the Press.
Furnace open, or Wind Furnace; is the pulling down of the out Furnace Wall where the Mettle is made, and take away the fire that the Mettle may cool in the Pots.
Folio, is two Pages and comprehends both sides of a Leaf: some confounds Folio and Page calling a large Volume, a Book by Folio's; others by Pages when it is a small or Quarto Book.
Form Rises, that is, it is so well locked up in the Chase, that in the raising of it up neither Letter or Space drops out of it.
Fur up a Form, or Choak the Letters; is when the Inke is too thick and strong that it fills up in beating the Hollow of the Letter.
Gathering of Books, is to take one Sheet off every heap of Printed Sheets, which make a Book.
Get in, that is, Matter is got in, in a Line, Page, Sheet or Book, if Letters be thinner cast then the Printed Coppy the Compositer sets by: or Matter is got in, if he sets closer: or if he widens his Measure; or puts more lines in a Page, then he is said to get in.
Good Colour, is Sheets Printed neither too black, nor too white.
Good of the Chappel, Forfeitures, and other Chappel dues are collected for the good of the Chappel, viz. To be spent as the Chappel approves.
Good Work, is called so in a two fold sense: the Master Printer calls it so when the Compositers and Pressmen have done their Duty. And the Workmen call it Good Work, if it be light, easie Work, and they have a good price for it.
Going up the Form, is a Pressman phrase, when he beat over the first and thrid rows or colums of the Form with his Ink Balls.
Great Numbers, above 2000 Printed of one Sheet are counted Great Numbers: see Lay on.
Great Bodies, or Letter termed English, and all above their bigness are accounted Great Bodies: But Long Primmer and all downward are Small Bodies.
Half a Line, when Letters drives out or gets in, in the body, in a number of lines, Founders say, it drives out, or gets in half a line, a whole line, a quarter of a line &c. viz. Half a body, a whole body, a quarter &c, of a Body.
Half a Press, when but one Man works at the Press, it is called Half a Press.
Half Work, he that works but three days in a Week, does but Half Work.
Hangs, see Letter Hangs.
Hang the Plattin, is the typing of it with a Whipcord to the end of the Spindle by the Hose-Hooks and Plattin-Hooks.
Hang up the Paper, is to hang it upon Rails or Cords to dry after it is Printed.
Hard Ink, is Ink very well boiled.
Hard Justifying, when the line or lines in the composing stick are too close Wedged in.
Hard Pull, that which makes a hard pull in the Press is putting into the Mortesses of the Cheeks solid blocks of Wood, which will scarce squeeze by the strength of a pull which makes the Press go hard to be pulled.
Hard Work, is so termed by the Compositer when the Written Coppy is bad and hard to read, and hath but few Breaks: also small Letter and a large Form, Presmen call hard Work.
Head Line, that part or line which the higher part of the body of a Letter toucheth.
Head of Page, the top or beginning of a Page.
Heap, so many Reams or Quires as is set out by the Ware-house keeper for the Press-man to Wet, is called an Heap: but then it is a Dry Heap, when it is wet, then it is indeed called a Heap.
Heap holds out, when it hath its full intended number of Sheets according to its Quiers.
Height, see High against Paper.
High against Paper, is when a punched Letter is not sunk deep enough into the Matrice, then the letter cast will not stand high enough against the Paper to make a good impression; And if it be sunk too deep, then the cast letter will be too high against the Paper and be apt to cut it.
Holds out, or Holds not out; these terms are applicable to the Quires of white Paper, also to Wrought of Heaps, and also to Gathering of Books. If Quires have twenty five Sheets, they say the Paper holds out twenty five Sheets of wrough off Heaps, the Heap as comes off first in gathering or wants of the number of the rest, is said, not to hold out. And in the gathering of Books, if the intended number of perfect Books are gathered, they say, the Impression holds out: but if the intended number cannot be gathered off the Heap, they say the Impression holds not out. And so for sorts of Letter, either when it is in the Founding-House, or the Printing-House, are so said, if they hold or not, one Box with another in the Composing
Hole, by it in Printing Dialect, is ment a place where privat Printing is used, viz. The Printing of unlicensed Books, or other Mens Coppies.
Hollow of a Letter, is the inking in of the Counter-punch into another Punch, which makes such holes or hollows, and so doth sculping into the face of a Punch.
Horse Flesh, is if any Journeyman set down in his Bill on Saturday Night more Work then he hath done that Week, that suplusage is called Horse Flesh: and he abate it in his next Bill.
Hours, Press-Men reckon their Work by the Hours, accounting every Token to an Hours Work: also they make their prices of different Work by the hour, and passes currant for a Token. Also if two Men Work at the Press 10 Quires it is an Hour; if one Man 5 Quires it is an hours Work.
Half a Body, it is in Founders and Printers Language, taken to be the driving out of half a line, or a whole line, or more or less, in the Composing.
Imperfections of Books, are the latter end of the gathered Heaps, which other Heaps not holding out to them, make them imperfect, which are bundled up, and Written upon Imperfections of such or such a Book, and the Signature of the Sheet or Sheets wanting.
Imperfections of Letters, is when the Founder hath not cast a proportionable number of each sort of Letter, the want of any make the Fount unperfect: see Sorts.
Impose, Imposing is the placing of the Pages that belong to a Sheet, within the Chase and Furniture about them in order, that when the Sheet is wrought off at the Press, all the Pages may be foulded into an orderly succession.
Impression holds out, see Holds out.
In-page, see Out-page.
Insertion, if the Compositer have left Words or Lines, the Corrector inserts it, and makes a mark where it is left out; which is called the mark of Insertion, see Notes of Correction.
Justifie, or Justifying; is first to make the face of a sunken letter, lie an exact depth on the face of the Matrice, and on all sides of an equal depth: this is called Justifie a Matrice. It is also to set or justifie the foot line of the letter exactly in line. It is likewise to set the sides of the Matrice to an exact thickness.
Justifying a Mould, is the working it so exact that in casting of the letter, the Shank be Parallel, and sides of an even thickness; And also that the Mould be clear from Ragging; which without several proofs and tryings it cannot be expected to be perfectly true.
Justifie a Stick, viz. The Composing Stick , is the stiff or loose filling of his Stick, with Letters: if it be filled very stiff with Letters or Spaces, they say it is hard justified; if loosely, it is loose justified.
Justifiers, are either Pastboard or Scaboard or such like put into Mortesses to make the same more binding and close.
Keep in, is a caution given to, or resolved on by the Compositer, when there may be doubt of Driving out the Matter beyond his coming off, therefore he Sets close to keep within his compass: this is to Keep in.
Keep out, is a caution of the Compositer, given or resolved upon when there may be doubt of getting in Matter too fast for his Counting off, wherefore he sets his Words wide, to Drive or keep out.
Kern, or Kerned Letter; such as have part of their face hanging over one side, or both sides of their Shanks: and that part hanging over is the Kern.
Knock up the Balls, is the nailing of the Pelts or Sheep skins on the Ball stocks, with Wool under it, to make them stand round and full; they are well done when the Wool is equally dispersed about all the sides, and the middle smoothly covered with Leather, viz, not rising in Hillocks.
Knock up Books, is when they are gathered out of several Heaps, he takes them between his hands and knocks them on a Table to make them lye even and straight in the backs and edges.
Knock up a Letter, is when a Letter by working is worn so low in the face, that it will not Print well in the Page: which the workman takes out and puts a better in. But if Letters be scare and that another of the same be wanting, he takes out the old one and batters its Shank to raise it higher against the Paper.
Lay in Sheets, is when the Press-man lays Sheets on the Timpan, it is stiled Laying in Sheets.
Lay out Sheets, is the taking the Sheets off the Timpan when they are Printed, and laying them in the Heap.
Lay on, a Phrase used for the number of Books to be Printed, thus they say there is 1000. 2000. 3000. &c. Laid on: see great numbers, see small numbers.
Lean Ashes, Founders call their Ashes Lean, if they be light, because then they have but little Mettle in them; see Fat Ashes.
Lean, see Beat Lean.
Lean Face, a Letter whose Stems and other stroaks have not their full wideness.
Lean Stroaks, are the fine stroaks of a Letter.
Letter Hangs, if the Compositer hath been careless in emptying his composing Sticks, so as to let the Letters loosely down in the Galley so as that they stand not perfectly square and upright, they say the Letter Hangs: or if after overrunning on the correcting Stone, the Letters are not set square and in a right position, before he locks up the Form; the matter standing thus out of square is said to Hang.
Letter Break, see Squabble.
Light Work, see Easie Work.
Lock up, is to Wedge the Form fast in the Chase, that not a Letter or Space fall out.
Long Pull, is to give a stronger pull to a Form that is large and the Letters small; then to a small Form, and large Letters, which needs but a small pull, and it is in Printers Language called a Sort pull, see Hard Pull.
Loose Justifying, see Justifie.
Low against Paper, see High against Paper.
Low Case, when the Compositer hath composed almost all his Letters out of his Case, he says his Case is Low.
M thick, is ment an M Quadrat thick.
Make a Measure, is to set the Composing Stick to that Measure or length of the Letter line he intends to Work by.
Make ready the Form, is to put the composed Pages into the Chase, and lock them up, for the taking off of a Proof: besides all this under this phrase of Making ready the Form, is comprehended all things to be done by the Press-men before he can go to work, as first to make Register, secondly to cut the Frisket, third to wet the Timpan, fourth lock up the Form well and fast, &c.
Matter, is the Series of the discourse of the Compositers Coppy, which he doth compose by.
Measure, is the wideness of a Page, see Make a Measure.
Monk, when the Press-man hath not well be distributed his Ball, some spots or splotches of Ink may lie on one Letter, or more of them, which in beating he leaves upon the Form; so that the Sheet Printed on, hath a black blotch on it: which blotch is called a Monk.
Marginal Notes, are note set on the side (or sides if the Page have two columns).
N thick, is ment an N Quadrat thick.
Naked Form, or Page; is when the Furniture is taken from about all sides of the Form or Page.
Neck of a Letter, so much of the Paunch as is sunk into the Matrice, is called the Neck; and when that Letter is cast off in Mettle, it is so much as comes above the square of the Shank, viz. above the Beard.
Notes, are Quotations down the side of a Page.
Number laid on, see Lay on.
Odd Page, is the first, third, fifth, seventh, &c. all uneven numbred Pages, are odd Pages.
Off, a Press-man usually says I am off, meaning he hath wrought off his Token, his Heap, his Form.
Open Matter, is when Pages Printed are full of Breaks and Whites.
Open the Form, is removing the Quoins from about the Form till they stand loose: and then opens the Furniture, that is, takes the Head sticks, and the inner Side sticks and Gutter sticks from about the Form.
Open Work, see Open Matter.
Over-Run, is when a Word or more is left out in the correcting as cannot be put in, except he must put so much of the fore part of the line into the line above it, or so much of the hinder part of the line into the next under it, as will make room for what is left out. Thus if he have left out much, he must over-run many line, either backwards or forwards, or both, till he comes to a Break.
Out, a Compositer usually says, I am Out, meaning he hath set out his Page, Form or Coppy, Also out marked in the Margent of Corrections, denots that some Line, Sentence, or considerable part of the Matter is left out in composing.
Out-page, in Octavo's, Twelves, Sixteens, &c. every out side Page in the Sheet is called an Out-page, the rest are called In-pages.
Out of Register, is bad Register, that is when the Printing on both sides of the Sheet, stands not even together both at head and foot; see Register.
Page, is the side of a Leaf in a Book; see Folio.
Paragraph, see Chapter.
Pale Colour, if there be not blacking enough in the Ink, or the Form be beaten with too lean Balls, the work will be said to have a pale colour.
Pick or Picks, is when either pieces of the skin or Film that grows on the Ink with standing by, or any Dirt gets into the hollows of the face of the Letter, that Film or Dirt will fill and choak up the Letter and Print black: which is called a Pick, because the Press-man with the point of a Needle picks it out.
Paper the Case, is to put paper in every Box in the upper and lower Cases to keep the Letters from falling through the clifts of the Boxes.
Paper up Letters, or Pages; are two phrases indifferently used for the same meaning; for the Press-man having wrought off the Form and washed the Letters, the Compositer having stript the Form, whips Cords about every Page, to tie them up from falling, so puts them on papers foulding up the corners or lappets of the paper, and sets them by, till they have occasion to use them again.
Pidgeon Holes, when whites between words are as great or greater then between line and line: these wide whites are by Compositers (in way of scandal) called Pigeon Holes, are no good Work, but in case of necessity.
Points, as these and other marks used by Founders and Printers, , ; : . - = ? ! ( ' ) * [ ` ] &c. are all called Points, yet have different Terms.
Point Holes, the two holes the Points fixed on the Tympan pricks into the Printed Sheet of Paper.
Press-Man, is him that Works at the Printing-Press.
Press goes, when the Press-men are at work, the Press is said to go.
Press goes Hard or Heavy, or It goes Easie and Light: It is by Justifying of the Mortesses of the Cheeks and Head of the Press either too hard or more loose which makes the Press goe either hard or easie.
Press stands still, is when the Press-men are not at work.
Preface, the beginning or interduction of Matter to follow.
Proof or Proof Sheet, is that as is to be corrected.
Proof Letters, are patters Letters by which the Founder or Maker of the Moulds doth justifie his Mould by. And also by them new Fount Letters are tried by setting them together in the composing Stick.
Print hand, are Letters of Sentences Written in the same or like Characters as the Letters printed.
Pull-Easie, or Hard, Short, Long or Soft; see Hard Pull.
Pye, when a page is broken, those broken Letters are called Pye: see Broken Letters.
Printing-House, is taken for the House wherein Printing is used: but more peculiarly used for the Printing-Tooles, which are usually call a Printing-House, as such a one hath removed his Printing-House, that is the Tooles used in his former House.
Printing in Quires, when quire work is Printed, according to the numbers of Sheets Quired, one in the other, then the Signature of the first Page is A, then the Signature of the Sheet Quired next within the first Sheet A 2. so that the Signatures of all the Sheets in the first Quire is A. A 2. A 3 &c according to the number of Sheets Quired together: the second Quire begins, B. B 2. B 3. &c. the third Quire is C. C 2. C 3. &c. according to the number of Quire.
Quarters, as Quarto's, Octavo's, and Twelves Forms are imposed in Quarters: they are called Quarters because they are lockt up apart. Also the short Cross in the Chase as in a Twelves Form, is called a Quarter, though it be but one sixth part of the Form.
Quires, is when Sheets are Printed one to go into another, whether they consists of two or three Sheets they are called Quires, and their Printing is termed, Printing in Quires.
Rag, when Letters cast hath a Bur or Selvage on any of its edges, that is called Rag.
Register, is to Quoin up the Form on the Carrage of the Press, so that when the second Form of the same Sheet, Volume, Measures, and Whites, is placed in the same position, that all sides of each page shall fall exactly upon all the sides of the pages of the first Form. This is termed True Register.
Register Sheet, the Sheet or Sheets printed to make Register with.
Reteration, the second Form, or Form printed on the back side of the white Paper.
Revise, that is a proof Sheet taken off after the first or second corrected Sheet, wherein the Corrector examins in this Revise, all the faults, fault by fault, if all he marked in the last proof Sheet be carefully mended, if not he marks them in the Revise.
Rince the Form, the washing away of the Lie that Pressman cleansed the Form withal, after he had done the Printing.
Rise, a Form is said to Rise, when in rearing it off the Correcting-stone, no Letter or Furniture drops out, or stays behind.
Rowl up the Ball Leathers.
Rub Letter, is dressing the Shanks by rubbing them on a stone.
Rubs not, when the Shank is cast too thin, that in Rubbing, part of the face, or topping, or footing Rubs away: Founders say It does not Rub.
Rub well, when the Shank of a Letter hath a proper thickness, Founders say, it Rubs well.
Rub out Ink, it is only to spread some part of the Ink pretty equally over the top of the Ink-block, from the corner of it, where the Ink generally lieth in a quantity or Mass together.
Run in the Carrage, is by giving the Winch one turn round about, which runs it into the middle: the second Run in, is by another turn.
Runs on Sorts, is when Matter runs much on some few Letters, they say it Runs on Sorts.
Runs out from Coppy, see Drives out.
Register be out, is when the two Printed sides meet not even at head and foot.
Setting up, is putting the new Cast Letter into the Founders composing Stick.
Sliding Measure, is the inner part of the composing Stick.
Second at the Press.
Small Bodies, see Great Bodies.
Second pull, is the second pull of the Bar, when the Carrage at the second turn of the Winch is run under the Plattin.
Short pull, is also called an hard pull, because it is suddenly performed, and the Form quickly feels the force of the Spindle.
Set Letters, is the Compositers putting each Letter into his Stick.
Sets foul, see Foul Proof.
Sets clean, see Clean proof.
Sets close, see Get in.
Sets wide, see Drive out.
Set out paper, is the counting so many Quires out, as the Heap requires: see Token.
Set the Rounce, is so to set or fix the handle of the Winch as with one turn round, it shall run in the Carrage to the just middle of it: for by the well setting of the Rounce contributes much to the Riddance in a Train of Work.
Sets off, work that is newly wrought off at the press often sets off, especially if it be fat beaten with soft Ink: that is when the said paper comes to be beaten, or hard prest by the Book-binder, the moist Ink spreads and delates it self round about the face of every Letter, and Sullies and stains the white paper.
Short Page, having but little Printed in it.
Section, is a cutting or dividing of a Matter: see Chapter.
Signature, at the first page of a Sheet, at the bottom thereof is set a Capital Letter, as thus: If it be the first Page of the first Sheet of a Book, the Signature is A. If the first Page of the second Sheet, it hath a B. It the first of the third a C. and so successively till he come to W. which is always skipt, because the Latin Alphabet hath not that Letter, but next V. follows X. Y. Z. So that if the Book containes above 23 Sheets, the Signature of the 24 Sheet must be Aa, if 25 Bb, till in like manner he run through the second Alphabet, and comes to the third which is Aaa and a fourth which is Aaaa. To the second page or any other even Page he sets no Signiture, but to the third Page, which is an odd Page he sets an A 2 the figure 2 being no part of the Signature, but only an adjunct to shew the Book-binder the second Leaf of that Sheet, that he may the surer fould the Sheet right: see Printing in Quires.
Sinck Matrices, see Sinck Punches.
Sinck Punches, is the sincking of the Letter Punches in the Matrices, which is done with the face of an Hammer sizable to the bigness of his Punch, by cautious knocks on the end of the Punch, with reiterated blows, till he have driven the punch deep enough into the Matrice.
Small Number, under 1500. Laid on is accounted a Small Number, see Great Number, and see Lay on.
Smout, Workmen when they are out of constant Work, do sometimes accept of a day or tow Work, or a Weeks work at another Printing-House: this By-work they call Smouting.
Soft Pull, or Soaking pull; is when the Form feels the force of the Spindle by degrees, because it comes soft and easily down; see Short pull.
Sop the Ball, when a Press-man hath taken too much Ink on his Balls, he is said to Sop his Balls.
Sorts, the Letters that lie in every Box of the Case are seperatly called sorts on Printers and Founders Language; thus a is a sort, b is a sort, c is a sort, &c.
Spirit, see Devil.
Squable, a Page or Form is Squabled when the Letter of one or more lines are got into any of the adjacent Lines; or that the Letter or Letters are twisted about out of their square position.
Stem, the straight fat stroaks of a straight Letter, is called the Stem of the Letter.
Stick full, is when the composing Stick is filled with so many Lines that it can contain no more.
Still Justified, see Hard Justified.
Space thick, or Space thin; are ment the thickness or thinness of such Spaces, see m and n thick, and thick and thin Spaces.
Spaces are thin bodies set between words to keep them asunder, which ought by a strict orderly rule, and Methodical measure to be made the thickness of the seventh part of the body of the Letter is in height; though Founders make them indifferently thicker and thinner.
Strip a Form, is to take away all the Furniture from about it, and lett it so remain on the Letter board to be distributed.
Stroaks in Letters, are either fat, lean, fine, hair stroaks; that is thick or thin stroaks.
Taking off, is ment so many Lines on his rule, as he doth distribute at a time, they being taken off and put into the Boxes.
Take up, as many lines as he takes upon his Rule or Riglet at a time to distribute, is a taking up; and thus he takes up Letters and distributs by taking of his Riglet and putting into the Boxes till the Case be full.
Take Ink, when the Balls are neither Grasie nor too Wet, the Ink will stick to them and distribute it self from one Ball to another, then it is said to Take Ink, else not to Take: Also Take Ink is to dab one of the Balls on the Ink-block to furnish the Form with blacking when the Balls are wanting, they say, Take Ink.
Teze Wool, or Hair: is to pull it asunder or card it, that neither Dirt nor hard Lumps remain in it to hinder the Balls soft working.
Thick Letter, a Fount of Letter that rubs not high enough into the Neck, is called Thick Letter, and consequently will drive out Matter.
Thick Space, m and n Spaces are called Thick Space.
Thin Spaces, are then m or n Spaces, are generally called Space Thick, that is one quarter so thick as the body of the Letter is high, though Spaces are seldom cast so thick.
Token Sheet, a Sheet foulded down at the end of every Token Printed.
Token, when Quires are counted out for the Printing, as many as are for one and the same work is called an Heap: Now in every Heap whether greater or lesser every 5 Quires is called a Token, that is an hours work for half a Press, viz. A single Press-man. But if it be for a whole Press, then every Token in the Heap contains 10 Quires.
Turn for a Letter, it often happens that Matter runs upon sorts, especially in Capitals, or some sorts seldom used, and that the Compositer wants that sort the Matter runs on: And being loath to distribute Letter for that sort, or perhaps his Case is otherwise full. Then instead of that Letter or sort, he Turns a Letter of the same thickness with the Foot of the Shank, and the Face downwards: which turned Letter being easie to be seen, he afterwards when he can accommodate himself with a right sort, takes the Turned Letter out and puts the right Letter in its room.
Turn for it, it is a word used jocosely in the Chapel (that is the Printing-House) when any of the Workmen complain of want of Money, or any thing else, he shall by another Workman be answered Turn for it, viz. Make shift for it.
Three Worm Spindle, is a Screw with three thrids or risings in it, all going by the side of one another.
Train of Work, is a great deal of Work of one and the same sort.
Title, either the name of the Book, or content of a Chapter or Section is termed the Title of such a thing.
Transposed Page, is when one Page is set in the other Pages place.
Timpan Sheet, that Sheet as is pasted on the Timpan, which is to lay all the Printed Sheets in the Heap even by.
Vantage, when a white Page or more happens in a Sheet, the Compositer calls that Vantage, so does the Pressman, when a Form of one pull comes to the Press. But this is when they are agreed for so much the Sheet.
Unlock the Form, is to beat the Quoins back, that the Form be loosly held in the Chase.
Underlay, a Phrase used by Pressmen for the Light and Easie, or Hard and Heavy running in of the Carriage: thus they say, the Press goes Light and Easie under Hand, or above hand, or it goes Heavy or Hard under Hand.
Upper Hand, when the Spindle goes soft and easie, the Pressman saith, it goes well under Hand or above Hand. But the Contrary if it goes Hard and Heavie.
Wash the Form,
Weak Ink, see Soft ink.
White Line, a line of Quadrats, which Print not the Paper.
White Page, a Page that no Matter comes in.
Well Currying of the Steel, is an operation of the Smith, in working Iron out of Steel, that the Steel may be sound and entire of it self.
White Paper, although the first Form be Printed off, yet the Pressmen erronicaly call that Heap white Paper till the reteration be Printed.
Whole Press, see Full Press.
Wood, that part of the Letter Mould as is of Wood.
Wooden Letters, great Capital Letters with Flourishes about them, anciently uses to be set in the beginning of Chapters and Section, Dedications and Prefaces to Books.
Wetting of Paper, is to Wet it Quire by Quire in fair Water, to prepare it for the Press, laying it all on a Heap on the Paper Board.
Waste Sheet, is Paper laid on the Paper Board under the Wet Heap to keep the Board form foulding the first Sheet. Also it is Paper first Printed for a Proof which after Correction is termed Waste Paper.
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Chapter 3, Item 56i
Printer's chapel
Customs of the Chappel.
Every Printing-house is called a Chappel, in which there are these Laws and Customs for the well and good Government of the Chappel, and for the orderly deportment of all its Members while in the Chappel.
Every Workman belonging to it are Members of the Chappel, and the Eldest Freeman is Father of the Chapel; and the penalty for the Breach of any Law or Custom is in Printers Language called a Solace.
1. Swearing in the Chappel, a Solace.
2. Fighting in the Chappel, a Solace.
3. Abusive Language or giving the Lie in the Chappel, a Solace.
4. To be Drunk in the Chappel, a Solace.
5. For any of the Workmen to leave his Candle burning at Night, a Solace.
6. If a Compositer fall his composing Stick and another take it up, a Solace.
7. For three Letters and a Space to lie under the Compositers Case, a Solace.
8. If a Press-man let fall his Ball or Balls and another take them up, a Solace.
9. If a Pressman leave his Blankets in the Timpan at Noon or Night, a Solace.
10. For any Workman to mention joyning their peny or more a piece to send for Drink, a Solace.
11. To mention spending Chappel Money till Saturday Night, or any other before agreed time, a Solace.
12. To play at Quadrats or excite others in the Chappel to play for Money or Drink, a Solace.
13. A Stranger to come to the Kings Printing-House and ask for a Ballad, a Solace.
14. For a Stranger to come to a Compositer and enquire if he had News of such a Galley at Sea, a Solace.
15. For any to bring a Wisp of Hay directed to a Press-man, is a Solace.
16. To call Mettle Lead in a Founding-House, is a Forfeiture.
17. A Workman to let fall his Mould, a Forfeiture.
18. A Workman to leave his Ladle in the Mettle at Noon or at Night, a Forfeiture.
And the Judges of these Solaces or Forfeitures and other Controversies in the Chappel or any of its Members was by Polurality of Votes in the Chappel; it being asserted as a Maxime, that the Chappel cannot Err. Now these Solaces or Fines were to be bought off for the good of the Chappel, which never exceeded 1s 6d 4d 1d 1d ob. according to the Nature and Quality thereof.
But if the Delinquent proved obstinate and will not pay, the Workmen takes him by force and lays him on his Belly over the correcting stone and holds him there whilest another with a Paper board gives him 10l. in a purse viz. 11 blows on his Buttocks, which he lays on according to his own Mercy.
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Chapter 3, Item 56j
Chapel payments
Customs for Payments of Money.
Every new Workman to pay for his Entrance half a Crown, which is called his Benvenue, till then he is no Member, nor enjoys any benefit of Chappell Money.
Every Journeyman that formerly worked at the Chappel and goes away, and afterwards comes again to work pays but half a Benvenue.
If Journeymen Smout one another they pay half a Benvenue.
All Journeymen are paid by their Master Printer for all Church Holy-days that falls not on a Sunday whether they work or no, what they can earn every working day, be it 2, 3 or 4s.
If a Journeyman Marries, he pays half a Crown to the Chappel.
When his Wife comes to the Chappel she pays 6d and then all the Journeymen joyns their 2d a piece to make her drink and to welcome her.
If a Journeyman have a Son born, he pays 1s, if a Daughter 6d.
If a Master-Printer have a Son born, he pays 2s 6d, if a Daughter 1s 6d.
An Apprentice when he is Bound, pays half a Crown to the Chappel, and when he is made Free, another half Crown; and if he continues to work Journey work in the same House he pays another, and is then a Member of the Chappel.
It is Customary for all Journeymen to make every Year new Paper Windows about Bartholemew-Tide, at which time the Master Printer makes them a Feast called a Way-Goose, to which is invited the Corrector, Founder, Smith, Ink-maker, etc. who all open their Purses and give to the Workmen to spend in the Tavern or Ale-House after the Feast. From which time they begin to work by Candle light.
The Printers, Journeymen, withe the Founders and Ink-makers have every Year a general Feast, which is kept in the Stationers Hall on or about May-day. It is made by 4 Stewards, 2 Masters, and 2 Journeymen; and with the Collection of half a Crown a piece of every Guest: the charges of the whole Feast is defrayed.
About 10 of the Clock in the Morning on the Feast day the Company invited, meet at the place appointed and from thence go to some Church thereabouts in this following Order. First, 4 Whifflers (as Servitures) by two and two walking before with white Staves in their Hands, and red and blew Ribbons hung belt-wise upon their Shoulders: these make way for the Company.
Then walks the Beadle of the Company of Stationers, with the Companies Staff in his Hand, and Ribbons as afore.
Then the Minister, whom the Stewards have engaged to Preach the Sermon, and his Reader or Clerk.
Then the Stewards walk by tow and two with long white wands in their Hands, and all the rest of the Company follows in like order, till they enter the Church etc. Service ended, and a Sermon suitable for the occasion finished, they all return to their Hall in the same order, where upon their entrance each Guest delivers his Ticket to a Person appointed, which gives him admittance; where every one Feast himself with what he likes best, being delighted all the while with Musicks and Songs, etc.
After Dinner the Ceremony of Electing new Stewards for the next Year begins: then the Stewards withdraw into another Room, and puts Garlands of Laurel or Box on their Heads, and white Wands in their Hands, and are Ushered out of the withdrawing Room thus; first, the Companies Beadle with his Staff in his Hand, and Musick sounding before him, then followed one of the Whifflers with a great Bowl of White-Wine and Sugar in his right Hand, and his Staff in the left, after him follows the eldest Steward.
Then another Whiffler as aforesaid, before the second Steward: in like manner another Whiffler before the third; and another before the fourth Steward.
And thus they walk with Musick sounding before them three times round the Hall, and in the fourth round, the first Steward takes the Bowl from his Whiffler and Drinks to one (whom he before resolved on) by the Title of Mr Steward Elect: and taking the Garland of his own Head, puts it on the Steward Elects Head, at which all the Company claps their Hands in token of Joy.
Then the present Steward takes out the Steward elect, and walks with him hand in hand, (giving him the right Hand) behind the three other Stewards another round the Hall; and in the next round as aforesaid, the second Steward Drinks to another with the same Ceremony as the first did; and so the third, and so the fourth. And then all walks one round more hand in hand about the Hall, that the Company may take Notice of the Stewards Elect: and so ends the Ceremony of the Day.
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Chapter 3, Item 57a
Barber's equipment
Instruments of a Barber.
The Instrument Case, in which are placed these following things in their several divisions.
The Glass or seeing Glass.
A Set of Horn Combs, with Teeth on one side, and wide.
A Set of Box Combs.
A Set of Ivory Combs, with fine Teeth, and toothed on both sides.
An Ivory Beard Comb.
A four square Bottle with a Screw'd head for sweet Water, or Benjamin Water, &c.
The like Bottle with sweet Powder in; but this is not now used.
A Row of Razers.
A pair of Tweesers, or Twitchers: with a Ear pick at the other end of it.
A Rasp or File, to file a point of a tooth that stands out.
A Set of Cisers, for the cutting of the Hair and Beard.
A Curling Iron, or Beard Iron, called the Forceps.
A Hone, to set or sharpen the Razers.
A Bottle of Oyle, or sweet Oyle, or Oyle Olive for the Hone.
A Powder Box, with sweet Powder.
A Puff or Tuff, to powder the Hair.
A Barbers Candlestick, to stick at his Girdle.
A Barbers Apron.
A Bason or Barbers Bason, having a circle in the brim to compass the Mans Throat, and a place like a litle Dish to put the Ball after Lathering.
Wash Balls, and Sweet Balls.
Water made sweet with having Bay Leaves, or other Leaves heated therein.
A Chaffer to heat Water in.
A Small Chaffer to carry Water in, with a hanging or falling handle to hold it by.
Linnens of several sorts; as
Caps for the Head, to keep the Hair up.
Trimming Cloaths, to put before a Man.
Napkins to put about the Neck, to dry the Face and Hands with.
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Chapter 3, Item 57b
Barber's terms
Terms of Art used in Barbing and Shaving.
Take the Chair, is for the Person to be Trimmed, to sit down.
Clear the Neak, is to unbutton and turn down the collar of the Mans Neck.
Cloath him, is to put a Trimming Cloth before him, and to fasten it about his Neck.
Comb round the Hair, is to ready the Hair with a wide tooth Comb.
Powder the Hair, is to puff Sweet Powder into it.
Rub the Hair with a Napkin, is to dry it from its swettiness and filth in the head.
Comb out the Hair, and Power it; is to Comb the Hair straight with a wide tooth Horn Comb.
Comb it smooth and even with a Box Comb.
Comb it against the Grain, is to Comb it round the Head upwards to the Crown.
Walk your Combs, is to use two Combs in each Hand one, and so Comb the Hair with one after the other.
Quever the Combs, is to use them as if they were scratting on each side the Temples.
Quever the Head round, is to scratch with the Combs all over.
Divide the Hair, is to lay it straight, or part it on the top of the head, even with the Nose.
Cut it up in Heights, that is to cut as each person will have it, for there is variety of ways in cutting of Hair, as
Cutting it all off the Top, and so they use it that wear Peruwicks.
Cutting it close, so that the remainder stands upright, this is called Round Cutting, and Prick Eared Cutting, because the hair is so short that it scarce covers the Ears.
Cutting in Falls, when the hair is cut to fall down each side the head, and extends it self to the shoulders. This is termed Parting of the Hair.
Jecimy the Hair, is to put Jecimin on the palms of your hands and rub it on the hair, and in the hair, by putting the locks between your hands, and rubbing the hands together.
Powder the hair.
Clap on the Cap, and divide the hair alike on each side.
Curle up the hair, is to rowle it about a pair of curing or beard Irons, and thrust it under the Cap.
Handle the Bason, and Ball; pour in the Water.
Lather the Face, is to wash the Beard with the Suds which the Ball maketh by chaffing it in the warm Water.
Hand the Razer, set in a right order between the Thumb and Fingers.
Shave the Beard, is to take off superfluous hairs.
Wash the Face, with a Ball and Water, or a sweet Ball.
Clear the Face from the Ball, is to wash it over with clean Water to take off the sopiness.
Dry the Face, is airing of a Napkin (if cold Weather) and drying off the wet.
Trim the Beard, take away stragling hairs, and cut it thinner.
Take off the Cap, and fall the hair.
Comb out the hair.
Hold him the Glass, to see his new made Face, and to give the Barber instructions where it is amiss.
Take off the Linnens.
Brush his Cloaths.
Present him with his Hat, and according to his hire, he makes a bow, with your humble Servant Sir.
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Chapter 3, Item 57c
Barber's terms
Other Terms used by Barbers.
A Barber from Barba a Beard, is a cutter of hair.
Poler an ancient term used for the cutter of hair.
Pole me, is cut my hair.
Shave, is to cut off the Beard with a Razer and Water.
Trim, is to cut the Beard, (after shaving) into form and order.
Set the Razer, is to make it sharp and keen, on the Hone with Oyle.
Try the Razer.
Return the Razer, is to fould it up. and put it into the case.
Case, or Box the Instruments; is to put all the things into the case that was used about Trimming of a Person.
Fould the Cloaths.
Dry the Bason, wipe it with a Napkin after he hath done shaving.
Scoure the Dishes,
Instruments, a general Term for all the things that a Barber hath in his Case or Box.
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Chapter 3, Item 58a
Hatter's terms
Terms used in their Trade.
Bow the Wooll.
Brake the Wooll over.
Fly the Wooll out.
Make your Bate
Go to Bason.
Set up the Hat.
Boil the Hat.
Cover it with Stuff, lay the Shagg upon it.
Water the Hat.
Walke the Hat.
Block the Hat.
Round it, cut the Edges and Brims round and even.
Colour, or Dye the Hat.
Dry it.
Stiffen it.
Glase it, or finish it.
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Chapter 3, Item 58b
Hat types
Sorts of Hats.
The Felt, it is made of Sheeps Wooll only.
The Caster, it is made of Coney Wool mixt with Polony Wooll.
The Beever, it is made of Beever haire and Red Wool.
The French-felt, it is between a Felt and a Caster.
The Cordiback Felt.
The Carolina Hat.
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