Chapter 3, Item 44a
Brewer
He beareth two Beer-Brewers slinging of a Barrel, is the Badge of the Apprentices, and Workmen at the Brewers Trade; and is a fit sign or cognizance for a Brewer, or a Brew-house: see the Additional Plate to this Chapter, numb.146. after chap.4.
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Chapter 3, Item 44b
Brewer's terms
Terms used by Beer-Brewers, and Ale-Brewers,
Comb the Malt, is to put it into the Comb.
Heat the Liquor, boil the water the first time.
Strike it over into Steuk, put it into the Malt in the Comb.
Steuk.
Mash it up, blend or mixt the Malt and warm Water together in the Comb.
Soak, the steping of the Malt in the Water, whereby its strength and vertue is drawn out.
Draw it into the Trough.
Wort, is the running of the Water from the Malt.
Best Wort, or Wort of the first running, or drawing is for strong Beer.
Wort of the second running, it makes small Beer.
Wort of the last drawing, it is thin and makes small drink, of some called, put up drink, shower-trough or penny prich: this is only the washing of Grains and the Brewers Aprons, and to give it its true term, it is no other then Water bewitched.
Pump it into the drawing Comb.
Pump or Guide it into the Copper.
Boyle the Wort, is the second Boiling.
Fire the Copper, put Fire under the Brewing Pan.
Lead it into the Cooler.
Run it into the yelling Comb.
Put to the store, is to put Barm or Yest to it, to set it on working.
Working of the wort, is the frothing and swelling of it up to the top of the Comb.
Stirring of the wort, is to beat it about the Comb to make the working of it fall, that it run not over.
Sweet wort, the Wort boiled, and not as yet having any store put to it.
New Beer, or New Drink; so called whilest it is working in the Comb.
----- Wort that will not work in the Comb, when the Vessels have been long unused.
Pritch Drink, is drink that drinks sweet and sower, through a taint that it hath taken through the foulness of the Vessels.
Tunning, is powering it into the Barrels when it hath worked enough.
Working in the Barrel, is foming and frothing out of the Bung hole.
Sellar it, is to set the Barrels on Stillages in the Sellar.
Horsing of Beer, is the setting of one Barrell upon two, when the Sellerage and Stillage are too little to contain the Barrels one besides another.
Slinging of a Barrel, is to bear it up with Slings on Mens Shoulders.
Carrying it out, is to bring it to such Customers as are to have it.
Lecking, is when any Beer run through the joynts of the Barrel.
Flying of the Hoopes, is when a hoope come off, or breaketh.
Tap or Broach the Barrel, is to thrust the Spigot and Forcet into the Cork hole at the bottom of the Barrel end, thereby to draw the Liquor out.
Brewing Vessels, is the general term for all the things that a Brewer useth in his Trade.
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Chapter 3, Item 44c
Maltster's equipment
A Malt-Makers Instruments for making of Malt.
A Measure and Strickles, to measure his Barley.
A large Cestern of Lead, or Stone.
A Kill, with good Floores and Loft Floores.
A Cockle, the place where the Fire is made to dry the Malt.
A Disperser.
A Shovel, or Malt-shovel, and Basket.
Ribbs on the drying Kill.
An Hair Cloth to dry the Malt on.
A Fan, to cleanse the Malt from its dust.
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Chapter 3, Item 44d
Maltster's terms
Terms used by Malt-Makers.
A Malster, is one that maketh and selleth Malt.
Malt, it is Barley wet and dryed again.
Wet the Barley, is to put it into a Cistern of Water.
A Wetting of Barley, is as much as the Cistern will hold at one time to Wet and swell up.
Couch the Barley, is to take it out off the wet and lay it on the Flooer a foot thick, for as large a compass as the Weeting will contain.
A Couching Floore, a Floor made of Plaister of Paris smooth and even which no water will hurt; where the wet Barley is laid to come.
The Comeing if Barley, or Malt; is the sproutting of it, as if it cast out a Root.
Wither it, is to cast it abroad on the Kill Floor, when it shall come, that the comeings may wither away; and for the Barley to dry. It must be turned every twelve hours.
Turning, is to cast it with a Shovel on a dry Floor, and laying it thin to dry.
Drying the Malt, is to lay it on a Hair cloth on Wooden Ribs, over a Fire made of Gorse, Sea-Coal or Coal Calcinde, or burned to Cinders, or Char-coal.
Turneing on the Kill, is to Shovel it over, that all parts may dry alike.
Fanning, is to clean it from dust and all small grains.
Malt Dust, is the comings of the Barley, which being dried on the Kill, when it runs through the Fan falls from the Malt into a kind of Dust, all small Corns falling through with it.
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Chapter 3, Item 46a
Fletcher's terms
Terms used by the Fletchers, or Arrow-Makers.
A Staff, the first cleeving out of the Timber, to make the Shaft.
Pointing of it out, is the first cutting of it round with a Knife out of the rough.
Ripping it, is to give it the first round.
Shaving, is round with an hollow Shave.
Smooth it, is to Polish the same smooth with a Fishskin.
Sliting it, putting the Horn for the nick.
A Cross slit, making the nick of the Arrow.
Fitting the Head, cutting the end to put on the Pill head.
Heading the Arrow, is Gluing it on.
Drawing the Feathers.
Cutting, or stripping the Feathers of the Quills.
Pareing the Feathers, is to cut the backs to make them lie close.
Ribbing, is cutting the side skirts away.
Cutting them of a length, is to cut them to their shapes and breadth.
Pressing the Feathers, putting them in a wett cloth to keep them even and straight.
Polishing, or Glazing, or Varnishing the Arrow with Glue; is to rub it over as far as the Feathers go with Glue, before they are set on.
Feathering the Arrow, is to Glue on the Feathers.
Pareing or Cutting them down, is cutting the Feathers even and all of a length and breadth.
Poising the Arrows, is to know whether the pair of Arrows be of an equal weight as they are of a length.
Turning them, is to give them a Twerle in ones hand, to know whether they be straight.
Staff, the Bow-staff at its first cleft.
Helving them with the Hatchet.
Pointing them.
Plaining them.
Set to the right, is if they be crooked to set them straight.
Horn them.
Nick the Horns.
Plain them the second time.
String them to see whither they come right, one place as well as another.
Rasp them, to make them in a little shape.
Polish them to make them smooth.
Rub them with a Boars tooth and an Oyle cloth, to [make] them shine and set a gloss on them.
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Chapter 3, Item 48a
Flax dresser's equipment
Things belonging to Dressing and Spinning of Hemp and Flax.
A Gigge, is a hole in the Ground where Fire is made to dry the Flax.
A Flake, or Hurdle of sticks laid over the Gigge hole on which the Flax is laid.
A Brake, or Flax Brake: is two pieces of Timber with Teeth made in them to bruse Flax stalks.
A Swingle Foot.
A Swingle Hand, corruptly a Swingow Hond: a thing like a Wooden Fauchion with a square hole or handle.
A Hatchel, of which there are several sorts one finer then another, these are long Iron Pinns set orderly in a Board with which Hemp and Flax is combed into fine haires.
An Hurdle.
A Wheele and Distaffe, A Reel, and Reeling Pinn.
Yarringle blades, Foot or Stand, and Yarringle Peggs, or Pinns.
The Sowing and Dressing of Hemp and Flax is a Branch of Huswifery: and is generally performed by Good Houswives at home, though other make a Trade of it abroad, however if at home or abroad, so the Country be supplied I shall be satisfied. Yet here give me leave to set down all the Terms of Art used by all Good Houswives, in this their work of Huswifery, from the first growing of these Herbs or Plants, viz. Hemp and Flax, till the same be made fit for the Weaver to make it into Cloth.
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Chapter 3, Item 48b
Flax dresser's terms
Terms of Art used by Hemp and Flax Dressers and Spinners.
Linseed, is the seed of Flax.
Hemp-seeds, groweth to Hemp.
Pulling, is to pull it up by the Roots, when at the full growth.
Bundling, is tying the Stalks up in Bunges.
Watering or Diving, is to lay the Bunges in water with weight on them to keep them from swimming.
Spreading, is to lay them abroad to dry.
Gigging, is to dry the Hemp or Flax over a Fire, made in a hole of the ground, which is called the Gigg or Gigg hole; and so laid upon a Flake, after the manner of a Kilne.
Braking, is the crushing, and brusing the Stalks, between peeces of Wood with Teeth like a Saw, made in them.
Pilling, is to Pill off the outward skin of the stalks of the Hemp, when they do not break it, reserving the stalk whole.
Swingowing, is the beating off the brused inward Stalk of the Hemp or Flax, from the outward pill, which as the Hemp or Flax.
Heading it, is to tie the said Hemp or Flax so swingled into small bundles, which they call Heads of flax.
Hatchelling, is to comb with Iron pinns to make it finer.
Hemp Huerds, the course that is drawn out of the dressed.
Hemp all one way, that is dressed.
Teer of Hemp, long and strong Hemp.
Steel Hemp, long and strong Hemp.
Kirtle Flax, is twelve heads in a bunch, and is about an hundred pounds in weight.
Rogisca, five heads is three pounds.
Pater Noster, ten handfuls in a strick, is 2 pounds.
Memble, five heads, is two pounds.
Podola, three Bands is a Bunch, & is forty two pounds.
Quinsborough, three Bands in a bunch, forty two pounds.
Elvens, three Bands in a bunch, forty two pounds.
A Baile of Flax.
A Bunch of Flax. A Head of Flax, is twelve Stricks tied up to make a Bunch.
A Strick, is about ten handfulls made up together in a head.
A Handful, or hand of Flax, is an handful tied up.
Dysoning, is opening and drawing the Flax to put it on the Distaff.
Carding of Huerds.
Spinning, is to twist the Flax hairs into Yarn or Thrid.
Reeling, is to wind the Yarn of the Wheel Spool on a Reel.
Knotting, or Helching, is to make a Knot or Cagg at every hundred times winding the Yarn about the Reel.
Cagging with the made Hank.
A Slipping, is as much as is wound upon the Reel at a time, which is generally about a pound of Yarn.
An Hank, is a slipping made up into a Knot.
A Lay-band, is an inkle or Packthrid as tieth the Hank in the middle, by which it is hung up.
A Houswives pound of Yarn, or Teer; is two Wax pounds.
A Wax pound, is sixteen Ounces.
Fine Hatchelling, and Round Hatchelling.
An Hurle, is the hair of the Flax, which is either fine or round.
Shoves, are the small breakings of the Hemp or Flax stalks which often sticketh in the coursest sort of them.
Huerds, is that as is pulled out of the Teere or fine Flax.
Fine Flax, or Teere.
Flax all one way, is Flax in the ruff, undressed.
Scalding, or Steeping the Yarn.
Bucking, is to make it something white by washing it in Lye made of Gorst Ashes.
Drying, is to hang it up in the Aire to dry after the Washing or Bucking.
Winding, is to make it out of Hanks into round Clues or Balls.
A Clue of Yard, is Yarn wound into a round Ball.
Yarn, is the single thrid of either Hemp or Flax.
Warping, is bringing to the Weavers to Lay for Cloth.
Weaving, is the Weavers work who make it into cloth, from whence it hath these Denominations, either.
Readings, is a course sort of Cloth.
Huswives Cloath, is the middle sort between fine and course.
Flaxen, is the finest sort of Cloth made of Flax.
Whitning, is to make the Cloth white, which is the last thing of this part of Good Huswifry.
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Chapter 3, Item 49a
Weaver's loom
The several Parts of a Loome, or Weavers Frame.
The Frame, is the four standing peeces with the cross peeces to hold them that stand upright.
The Yarn Beam, is that as hath the Yarn rowled about it, at the end whereof is a Wheele with a catch or two or three in it.
The Latch, is an Iron peece of Wood that falls in to the Catch of the Wheel aforesaid, which holds the Yarn Beam from turning.
The Leath, is a moving Frame in which the reed is placed by which the Woof is knockt or beaten into the Warp.
The Reed, is that like Barrs of a Grate through which the warp or Yarn runs.
The Coats, are the thrids that the Yarn runs through: they are lifted up and down by help of the tradles; by means whereof the Warp at every cast of the Shuttle is crossed, one contrary to the other.
The Pullees, or Pullases; are those turning things on the top of the Frame by which with the help of the tradles the Spring-staves are raised up and down.
The Spring-staves, are the rising and falling staves, which have the Coats or Thrids fixed to them.
The Tradles, are playing staves at the bottom of the Frame from whence there goeth Robes or small Cords to Pulles and Spring-staves, which being put down with the Weavers Feet by help of the said Pullees raise and fall the Spring-staves, which by means of the Coats or thridden Nuces fixed to them raises by turns and falls every other thrid or yard in the Warp.
The Breast Beam, is that as the Workman sets his Breast unto when he is Weaving.
The Cloth Beam, is that as the cloth is rouled upon, as it is Woven: It hath an Iron Wheel full of Notches, and a Catch, that is to hold it fast from turning.
The Thrum, and a Fent; is the cutting off of the cloth when it is Woven, the remaining being the ends of the Warp, which being so short cannot be Woven, hath only a narrow peece of cloth fixed to it.
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Chapter 3, Item 49b
Weaver's terms
Terms of Art used by Weavers.
Wind the Beam, is to turn the Beam that the Warp may wind about it.
Rod the Lace, is to put two Rods through the cross thrids which were crossed at the Warping.
Knit to the Thrum, is to tie the end of the Yarn to the end of the Thrid that hangs from the Fent of the Thrum.
Draw through the Coat, is to put every particular thrid, through a particular Nuce of Pack-thrid hangling at the Stick or Rod.
Draw through the Reed, is to put the same through every cleft of the cloven Reeds.
Cord the Rods, that is tie the Cords to the Rod that goeth through the Fent that holds the Thrum together.
Trade the Traddles, is to make one fall, and another rise, by setting the foot upon each.
Winding of Pinns, is the winding of Yarn upon a Reed or Pinn.
Set the Pin, is to put it into the Trough or hold of the Shuttle.
Weave, is to cast the Shuttle through the cross Thrids or Yarn over cross the Loome.
Knock or beat the Warp, is the striking with the Reed the crossed Warp and Woofe close together.
Beere, is nineteen ends of Yarn running all together out of the Trough upon the Wall all the length of the cloth.
Warp, is all the Yarn that runs the length of the cloth, let it have either more or less Beers in, according as the breadth of the cloth is intended: for the broader the cloth is, the more Beers, or nineteen thrids must be warped into it.
Woofe, is that Yarn which is wrought out of the Shuttle, in the overthwart working.
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Chapter 3, Item 50a
Cooper's terms
Terms used in the Art of Coopery, viz. making of Barrells.
Trussing a Barrel, is putting it together from Boards or Staves within a Hoop.
Trussing Hoop, is a large strong Hoop which is first put about the Barrel staves to draw them to their compass.
Pating the Staves.
Fireing and Driving.
Hooping or Hoop.
Twigging a Hoop, is binding the two ends together with cloven Twiggs of Withy, or Osier Twiggs.
Noching of a Hoop, when the two ends are cut into two contrary cross Nochings or Nicks, which being put into the other, holds as fast as if it were Twigged.
Twiggs.
Barrel staves, or Boards; are long and slender or narrow Boards, which Barrells and other vessels for liquor are made off.
Grooping, is the making of the Rigget at the two ends of the Barrel to hold the head in.
Heading, or Head; is to put in the round Boards fitted together into the Groop made to receive them.
Cross Barr, is the fixing of a Bar or Two over the head of the Barrel to keep it firmly and strongly in its place.
----- the Peggs as keeps the cross Barrs on.
Chine, or Lag; is a piece put into the top of a Barrel staff that is broken off at the Grooping.
Belly, is the round swelling bulk of the Barrell.
Bungg, is a large round hole in the side through which liquor is put into the Barrel.
Vent, is a small hole made to give Wind to the Barrel.
Tap, is the Forset hole made in the head of the Barrel to draw the Liquor out.
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Chapter 3, Item 50b
Barrels
Several sorts of Vessells made after the Form and Fashion of Barrells.
A Dryfett.
A Tunn, is eight Barrells.
An Hogshead, is two Barrells.
A Pipe, is a Barrel and a half.
An half Pipe, is three Firkins.
A Barrel, is four Firkins, or thirty six Gallons.
An half Barrel, is two Firkins.
A Firkin.
A Kilderkin.
An half Firkin.
A Rundlet of thirty six quarts, all other Vessels less are called Rundlets of twelve, ten, six, four quarts &c. till you come to a Rundlet for Oysters pickled, containing about a quart, or a pint and half.
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Chapter 3, Item 50c
Cooper's terms
Terms used by the White-ware Cooper.
Falling, is the falling of the Trees, to make the work with.
Cleeving, is the cutting it into length for the work, which are termed according to the work for which they are ordered: as Boards, Hoopes, Bottoms, Staves, Pinns, &c.
Hewing, is cutting it even from the running of the Grain.
Drawing, is putting the Wood into the pairing ladder, to shave and cut it to what thinness is fit for the work.
Joynting, is fitting the Boards or Staves, so that the joynts lie close and tite.
Heel Shaving.
Boreing.
Grooping, is the making of the Rigget at the lower part of the Vessel to hold the bottom in.
Buckling, is the putting of the Vessel boards together with a Hoop about them, so making its compass. Sawing, is to make the Staves all even at the ends, or top and bottom.
Hooping, is fastning the Hoops on the work made.
Quarter Cleeving, Trees cloven into four quarters.
Boults, the sawed pieces into lengths, out of which Laths or Latts are cloven.
Bottoms, are pieces of Wood to put in the bottoms of Vessels to make them hold any kind of Liquor: called Bottom Boards.
Staves, are cleft Wood, made either longer or shorter as the work requires.
Hoops, are long, slender, narrow peeces, cleft all the length of a Tree.
Pinns, short, round, or square pieces of Wood, about six, eight, or ten inches long, and an inch or more in Diameter: or much larger if they be for great Works, as Combs, Tubs, &c.
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Chapter 3, Item 51a
Carpenter's terms
Terms used in Carpentery.
Arch, is any work wrought circular, as the tops of Window frames, the top of Gates, and the Roof of Vaults.
Back, or Hip Moulding, is the Moulding in the back Hips, or Vally Rafters in the angle or corner of the back part of a Building.
Bannister, is the little Pillars set in a Balcony or Staircase.
Base, is commonly the bottom of a Pillar or Column, or Pillaster, or the bottom of any Building; termed also the Basis or Foundation.
Batement, is to cutt off or waste a piece of Timber to form it to the purpose designed; that a Workman instead of asking how much was cut off such a piece of Stuff, will say what Batement had such a piece.
Batter, is when the side, or part of the side of a Wall, or any Timber Bulges out from its foundation or bottom; this is said to Batter or hang over the foundation.
Battlement, is a flat Roof or Platform to walk on; but Battlements are more properly used for Walls built above the Plat-form to enclose it, as is seen in Towers and Castles of Defence.
Baulk, is a piece of Fir unslit, from four to ten inches square, and is of any length.
Bear, that is Timber is said to bear at its whole length, when neither a Prop, Wall, or any thing stands between the ends of it; but if any such things be under it, and that the Timber rests upon it, then it is said to bear only in that distance where it hath no support, Thus Carpenters ask what Bearing such a piece of Timber hath? The Answer is 10, 12, 15, &c. foot, according to the length of the whole Timber unsupported, or distance between each end of the Timber.
Bearer, is a prop, post, or wall made up between the two ends of a piece of Timber to shorten its bearing, or help the weight that lyeth on it.
Bond, is to make fast two or more pieces of Timber well together, either by good Tennanting and Mortessing, or by Duff-tailing and such like.
Brad, is a Nail without a head to floor Rooms withall, it is with us termed a Sprig, and is about the size of a ten penny Nail.
Bulge, see Batter. Break in, is when with the Ripping Chissel Carpenters are forced to make a hole in a Brick or Stone Wall, to lay the end of a piece of Timber in it.
Bring up, is a term used by Carpenters to Bricklayers or Masons; that is to bring up such a Wall or Chimney, that, build the Foundation so high, or build the Wall or chimney.
Butment, is the support of a piece, or a stay of anything that is laid against it; as a Summer in a Wall, which if the Wall be not strong to support it, but shrink or yield to its weight, it is said not to have good Butment, the Wall is not able to bear it.
Camber, is a piece of Timber cut Arching, so as when a considerable weight is laid upon it, it may in length of time be reduced to a straight.
Cantilevers, pieces of Wood framed into the front or sides of a House, to sustain the Moulding and Eaves over them; called also Cantelevers.
Carcase, is (as it were) the Skelleton or Frame of an House, new raised, having neither Laths nor Plaster on it.
Cartouses, or Cartouses, are Wooden Corbells ornamented, or wrought with turned Carved Work.
Clear Story Window, are such Windows that have no transum or cross piece in the middle of them to break the same into two Lights.
Coping over, is a sort of Work hanging over its upright Wall, which is general Bevelling on its under side.
Cornice.
Corbel, is a piece of Timber set under another piece to discharge its bearing.
Discharge a Wall, or piece of Timber, set up to another cross piece, that is not able to bear the weight laid upon it, is said to be a discharge to that bearing.
Double Quarter, see Quarter.
Draft, is the form and manner of an intended Building described on a Paper, wherein is laid down the devised divisions and partitions of every room in a due proportion according to its scale. Some term it a Model or Ground Plot.
Drag, as a Door is said to drag, when either by its ill hanging on its Hinges, or the ill Boarding of the Room, the bottom edge of the Door rides (in its sweep) upon the Floor.
Enter, is when the Tennant is put into the Mortess, they are said to enter the Mortesses.
Feather Edge, Boards or Planks that have one edge thinner than another, are called Feather Edge stuff.
Furrings, is the making good of the Rafters feet in the cornice.
Flyers, are Stairs made of an oblong square figure, whose fore and back sides are Parallel to each other, and so are their ends. The second kind of these Flyers stand Parallel behind the first, the third behind the second, and so are said to fly off from one another.
Foot-pace, is a broad place in a pair of Stairs, whereon you may take two or three paces before you ascend another Step which is looked upon to be a great ease to the Legs in ascending the rest of the Steps.
Floor, it is as well taken from the whole frame of the floor, as the boarding of it over.
Gable, Gable End, is the top end of an House, which reacheth just so far as the covering of the House, Eaves excepted, for they generally are lower.
Gain, is the letting of one piece of the Timber Bevellways into another; that is, by shouldering or lapping of the end of a Joyce or Spar, &c. and then the cutting the thickness of the said shoulder in another piece bevilling it upwards, so that it may receive the Gain, and so the two pieces lie even and level upon their super-ficies.
Ground-plot, is the piece of Ground a Building is to be erected upon.
Hang over, see Batter.
Hand-spike, see Lever.
Jussers, are pieces of Stuff or Timber about 4 or 5 inches square, and of several lengths.
Knee, or Knee piece, or Kneeler, is a piece of Timber growing angularly or crooked; that is, a great Branch shooting out near the top of the Trunk of the Tree, and is so cut that the Trunk and the Branch makes an Angle. Some call it a Crook, or a Knee Rafter.
Landing place, it is the uppermost step of a pair of Stairs; that is the floor of a room you ascend upon.
Levet, it is the same piece on Wood as the Crow is in Iron; it is an Instrument whereby great Timber is lifted up; in some places called Hand-spikes.
Lintell, is a piece of Timber laid over a Window or Door-Case, either in Brick or Stone work, to trim or fall even with the same Frames; and is as well to bear the thickness of the Wall laid over it, as to make a Bond, or be a binding to the sides of the Wall.
Modillion, see Cantelever.
Mouldings, are the running of several sorts of Plains upon the edges of Spars, Joyce or other Stuff to adorn it; as in Chimney pieces, the inward edges of Window Frames, Shelves, &c.
Modell, is the first draught, or frame, or fashion, by which a House is to be Built.
Plate, is a piece of Timber upon which some considerable weight is framed; hence it is, that we call the place where any work is framed, Ground Plate, Window Plate, &c.
Profile, is the same with Ground Plot.
Projecture, is the Jetting over the upright of a Building with another Building; thus Balconies project into the Street; and one Story in a House projects that below it.
Puncheons, are short pieces of Timber placed under some considerable weight to support it.
Props, are longer pieces of Timber used to support a decayed Building.
Pudlaies, are short pieces of Stuff used instead of Handspikes.
Quarters, are Timber of two sizes, viz. single Quarters are Sawn Stuff, two inches thick, and four inches broad.
Double Quarters are Sawn to four inches square, and are of any length as the Workman ordereth. Quartering, in the Front or sides of the House, in each Story all the working in of cross pieces or cants, into the principal Posts, Jaums, of Window frames viz. the upright Trimmings and the Braes as some call them, are called Quartering.
Quirk, is a piece taken out of any regular Ground Plot or Floor; which said piece so taken out, is generally of a square nature; a square being struck into four parts, one of those parts in Carpentry Terms is called a Quirk.
Rail, Rails, stand over and under Banisters of Balconies and Stair-cases, &c.
Raiser, is the Board set on edge under the foreside of a Step in a pair of Stairs, which makes the height of the Step.
Raising-piece, are such peices that lie under the ends of Beams and Summers upon Brick or Stone Work, or upon Timber Wall Plats by the sides of Houses.
Rellish, see Projecture.
Return, is either of the adjoining sides of the front of an House, or Ground-plot, of some called a Return side.
Ridge, is the top of the House; where the meeting of the Spars or Rafter is on both sides of the House, is called the Ridge.
Roof, is the covering of the House; but the word is used in Carpentry, for the Timber work of the covering.
Scribe, see in Joyners Terms.
Shake, is such Stuff as is crackt either with the heat of the Sun; or Drought, or Wind; is called shaken Stuff.
Shingles, small pieces of Wood used to cover Houses with instead of Tiles or Slates.
Shreadings, are the lower ends of the principal Rafters in the front of the House. Some term them Furrings.
Soils, or Sells, are either Ground Sells, which are the bottom pieces of Timber on which the House is Built; or Window Sells, which are the bottom pieces of Window frames. Some term these Sils.
Stair-Case, is the inclosure of a pair of Stairs, whether it be with Walls, or with Rails and Bannisters, &c.
Stancheons, see Puncheons.
Scale, is the measure of the ground Plot on the Paper draught, by which the work is made.
Skirts, are the projecting of the Eaves over the Wall plat, to secure the Walls from Rain.
Transom, is the piece that is framed a cross; a double Light Window.
Trim, is when Workmen fit a piece into another piece, they say they trim in a piece.
Tusk, is a Bevel shoulder made to strengthen the Tennant of a Joyst, which is let into the Summer or Girder.
Valley Rafter, see Back Moulding.
Well-Hole, is the void place in the middle of a square Stair-case, by which one may see from the bottom to the top of the Stairs.
Wall-plate, is the side of the Wall; or more peculiarly used by Workmen for the Timber in the Wall, whether upright or overthwart; all together makes but a Wall or Wall-plate.
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Chapter 3, Item 52a
Stone cutter's terms
Terms of Art used by Free Masons Stone-Cutters.
Guttering, is to make Gutters or Furrows in the top of the Rock, thereby to loosen it from the rest of the Rock.
Rigaiding, is to set in the Wedges.
Setting.
Driving, is to strike in the Wedges, to force up the Bed or Lift of Stone, or that great piece of the Rock which was guttered about, or on two sides.
Cutting, is to cut that great piece of the Rock into any piece or shape as the Workman gives Order for, whether it be into ashlers, Perpins, Flags, gravestones, &c.
Skable, is the first working of a Stone out of the rough, and making it into shape for the use it is to be put unto.
Broach, is to hew away the rough skabling stroaks.
Axe, is to work the Stone smooth, with a broad sharp Axe.
Rub, is to rub the wrought Stone with another, thereby to make it even, and wear away all the stroaks the Axe hath left in the Stone.
Cleanse, is to make the Joynts in a Wall or Floor even, so that one edge of a Stone shall not be higher than another.
Hewing, see Skable.
Levell, is to see that a Floor be laid streight and even.
Plime, is to be streight in Walls, which is tried by the Plime Rule.
Champher, is to take the square edge of a Stone off Bevile ways.
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Chapter 3, Item 52b
Stone
Names of Stons according to their bigness, and the use they are put to.
Rough Stone, or Penny Stone, such as are rough cut out of the Quarry, and are without any shape or form to make work of.
Perpin, are less than the size of Ashlers.
Ashler, is a Stone a Yard long, and 8, 9, or 10 inches square according as the work will bear it.
Flag, Broad Stones for Floors of several breadths and lengths, and about three or four inches thick.
Grindle-stone, round Stones to sharpen Tooles upon.
Mill-stone, a mixt stone of great and small Piples, made round for grinding of Corn.
Grave-stone, long and broad Stones to lay on Buried Bodies, which are about five or six inches thick.
Fractable, are the wrought stones that run up the Gable ends or Dormant Windows, which are made of Brick or Houses of Stones.
Crow-stone, is a Stone cut to rest upon the end, or point of the Gable end, on which a Pinacle of Stone is fixed.
Finishing, or Pinacle-stones.
Gutter-stone, is to have an half round cut in Stone, for water to run in, thereby to convey it away. Crists, are wrought stones, either half round, or with Bottles, or triangular; to lay Brick or Stone Walls to secure them from weather. Some call them Top Stones.
Corbills, Stones set out of Walls to hold things on.
Coin, or Coin-end; are Stones laid in a Brick Wall at the corners of a House: called also Quinestones. They ar a yard long, and three Bricks in thickness.
Note that Sixty Ashlers is reconed for an Hundred. There are several other terms used by the Free-Masons which belong to buildings, Pillars and Columbs, to which places I shall refer you, lib.3. cha.13. numb.55, 56. &c.[apparently nos 65-6]
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Chapter 3, Item 52c
Mason's terms
Terms of Art used by Free-Masons.
Antiques, or Antique Work, is Carvings of several forms and figures either Men, Beasts, Birds, Flowers and the like; turning and Winding into fouldage, or Scrowles, or jagged leaves.
Architrave, is the bottom part of a Cornish or several ways of Mouldings.
Abacus, is any flat or square in a Cornish.
Annuletts, are all the small Rings or Fillets made in Pillars, or between Mouldings in Corniches.
Astragal, or Astralolus; are the round Rings with Fillets on each side, set at the bottom of Capitals, or Pillar Heads.
Buttresses, are square Pillars, set at the out side of a Wall to support it from falling.
Butment, is good strong building on which Arches are built, or any part that other work is built against, which it must support.
Battlements, the top of Castle Walls.
Basis, or Base; the Foot of a Columb, or Bottom, or Foundation of a Wall or other building.
Breaking of a Cornice, when it runs not straight, but is made with returns: under which breakings are set Catouses, or hung Drops (or pendals in Wood work) for Ornament.
Collarino, the bottom Ring, with its Fillets in the foot of a Capital. The same to Astragal.
Cambia, the same to Annulett.
Ceinctures, the same.
Corona, is a flat in a Cornice, with a Channel or Rigget at the Bottom inwards.
Cima, or Cimatia, or Cimatium; is a bending in the top of a Cornice in form of a S. but not so much bending: of some it is called an O.G. see Scima.
Capital, the Head, or Moulding, or Carved work on the top of a Columb or Pillar or Pillaster.
Chapiter, that which is set upon the Head or Capital of a Pillar to further Adorn or Beautifie the work, as Balls, Pine Apples, Beasts sitting holding Shields, with such like.
Cavetto, is an half round or a Cornice inward, in the Capital of a Pillar; the same to Scotia.
Cartouches, or Cartouces; the turning Scrowles in form of an S. which are generally Carved, and set under the breaking of a Cornice, or support of a Beam or such like.
Center, the middle of any round Body, or Circumference.
Columb, a round Pillar: see Pillar.
Cantilevers, Stones wrought into Scrowls, Corbills, on which a Wall may be further jetted out, for the benefit of some Room or Place of Easment.
Cornice, is any kind of Moulding work that over seileth or projects the place it stands upon.
Clarester Windows, that have no cross Barrs in them.
Dado, or Dye; is a flat in a Cornice of Pedestal, a square and broad Fillet.
Diametre, or Diameter; the breadth of any round from side to side over the Center.
Dentilles, are squares left on a square or flat part of a Cornice, to set out the work.
Echinus, the same to Ovolo.
Frize, is the second part of work in the bottom of a Cornice or Capital, and next after the Architrave: And it may be plain, or swelling out with a round.
Flutes, are the hollows, or channells in a Corinthian Pillar.
Fascia, are flats in a Cornish towards the Bottom: also termed a Frise.
Fillets, see Annulets.
Gutta, are Drops, or square pieces, or things like Bells, cut on the Frize, to set out the work.
Gradetten, are certain kind of Mouldings, or Carved work, on the flatts of Cornices.
Head, the top of a Pillar, or of a Window or Door.
Hypotra-chelium, is a Frise or Freze.
Impostes of Arches, are the Capitals of Pillasters, on which the springal of the Arch resteth,
Inter-columes, the distance of the Columb form a Wall.
Jaumes, the sides of a stone Window, or Door case: see Peers.
Liscella and Ceincture, the same to Annulet.
Mullion or Munnions, the upright stands of a Stone Window.
Modulle, the Patern by which a Fabrick or Building is wrought, a rule to make his work by.
Modilions, things like ends of Sparrs fixed on the Cimatium of the Cornice.
Metopa, the Frize or flat of a Cornice, or any other place wherein Dropps, Scrowls, triangle peeces and such like are set to Adorn the Cornice.
Mouldings, the general terms for all the rounds, flatts, and other turnings in the parts of a Cornice.
Nowel, is the middle Pillar, or Post of a turning, or winding Stairs.
Ovolo, is a quarter round under a projecting square: a Moulding that is out at the top, and turns in at the bottom.
Orlo, see Plynth.
Project, or Projecture; is that as over hangs, or stands further out then the thing it stands upon; as the Capital doth the Pillar.
Plynth, is the bottom part of the Basis of a Pillar, and also of the Pedestal.
Pedestal, is the Foot or Foundation of a Columb, and its Basis.
Pillar, is that which is square in the Body; a Columb round.
Pillaster, is half a Pillar, or Columb fixed to a Wall.
Peeres, the sides of Windows or Doors.
Rustick, is in the joynts of every stone, either for Fractable or Pillasters taken of square, so it looks like a square set on a square.
Revailed, is in the same way of work, but in this the joynts are but champhered, so that it is two edges of the joynt taken off.
Springall, is the foot or bottom of an Arch, or the place of its Foundation or beginning to rise.
Scima, see Cima, and Cimatium.
Scima Recta, is the top of a Cornice or Capital in form of an S.
Scima Reversa, is the bottom of the Basis or Pedestal and turns contrary to the former: an S the wrong way.
Stilobatum, is the Pedestal.
Scotia, is an inward half round, either in Capital, or Pedestal: see Cavetto.
Scrowles, see Cartouches.
Triglifes, are triangle peeces set on the Frise, to set it out handsome to the Eye.
Torus, the same to Scima Reversa; but usually this is round: if two be in a Pedestal, they are called the upper and the lower Torus. Some call it Torcus.
Tenia.
Transome Window, that hath cross Barrs in it, to the third part.
Trasery, is the working of the top part of a Window to several forms and fashions.
Vausing, is to make the Jaumes, or sides of Stone Windows and Doors, to over sail the other parts of the Wall they are set in: and this is performed with any kind of Cornice the Master pleaseth.
Zocco, the same to Plynth: called the Zocco of the Base or of the Pedestal.
See more concerning these Terms in their true shapes chap.13. numb.65. 66. 73. 74.
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Chapter 3, Item 55a
Rope maker's terms
Terms used by the Roper.
Spinning, is the Twisting of the Hemp into a Yarn, or single Thrid.
Rope Yarn, the Yarn spun by the Roper.
Warping, is the laying of so many Thrids or Rope Yarns together, as will make a Rope.
Tairing,
Laying, is the putting of so many Ropes into the Slead as will make a Gable; that is laying a Gable.
Sarve or Plat the Gable.
Strands, the Twists of a Rope.
Fakes, one of the Ropes made into a Cable, or by Fakes is ment one of the lesser Thrids, or Rope Yarn; used to the making up of any small Cord, or Rope.
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Chapter 3, Item 55b
Rope types
Sorts of Ropes.
Rope Yarn, the spinning of the Hemp.
Packthrid, is 2 small yarns or thrids twisted together.
Small Cord, is two thicker or three, twisted together.
Cord, Bed-Cord, or an Halter, a Pack-Cord: is also three large Fakes Twisted.
Rope, Cart-rope, Bucked or Well-rope, a Bell-rope: all aforesaid being a Degree one thicker then another.
Gable, a small Gable, middling Gable, or a great and thick Gable: wich are used at Great and Tall Ships, Men of Warr, &c.
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