Chapter 3, Item 31a
Tanner's terms
Terms of Art belonging to Tanners.
Scutching the Bark, is cleansing it from Moss, and the rough, crusty outward Bark.
Hewing the Bark, is chopping it into small peeces.
Grinding the Bark, is putting it under the Mill to crush it very small.
Drying the Bark, is to dry it that it may grind.
Setting down.
Stretching.
Laying down.
Ouse, is the Water in which the Bark has been steeped: Tanners-Ouse is of some termed so, when the Bark and Waters is together.
Turfe or Tanners ---- that is the Bark cast out of the Tan-Pits, which when it hath for a time lien for the Water to run out, it is wrought into Turfes which dried is good fire Fuel.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 31b
Wet glover
The Wett-Glover.
The Trade and Occupation of a Glover, is in all respects answerable to the Tanner, both useing one and the same way of work with the same kind of Instruments, only in this they differ; the Tanner is for Beasts Hydes, as Oxen, Cows, Horses and Calves, being thick and strong skins for which Tanning they use Oake Bark. The Glover is for Sheep, Goats, Lambs and Castling skins which are slender, thin and gentle: for the dressing whereof they use only Lime and Bran; and this doth easily appear if you read the names of their Instruments, only I do confess they differ something in their Terms of Art.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 31c
Wet glover's terms
Terms used in the Art of a Wett-Glover.
Lyming, piting the skins with Lime and Water.
Pigging, is hanging of many skins together.
Washing to pull, is cleansing them from Lyme.
Hanging, is to put them on a Horse or pale after they are washed that the Water may run off.
Pulling, is stripping the Wooll of the skin.
Pelts, are the skins when the Wooll is taken off.
Working, is to lay them on the Beam and with the Fleshing knife and Vealing knife, to scrape off the lime and cleanse them from their Fleshyness.
Drenching, is the putting of the dressed skins into a liquor made of Barn and Water.
Drawing the Pits.
Pressing.
Alloming.
Drying, hanging them on ropes, lines, or laying them in the Sun on grassy Ground to dry.
Washing, is to scoure them in warm Water and Eggs to make them fast.
Plumping.
Writhing, is to rub them on a Writhen, bent Iron, which makes the Leather soft and plumpe.
Pareing.
Tawing, is the treading of the Leather in a Trough.
Frizeing, is the working of the skin Woolly on one side.
Shammo, or Shammo Frizeing; is to make it Woolly on both sides lie a peece of cloath.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 31d
Currier
The Currier.
This is the Dresser of Tanned Leather, for when the Tanner hath done his part, then the Currier he works the same so as it becomes soft, gentle, and serviceable for many uses and purposes; for without his Art, the Shoomakers, nor Sadlers and several other Trades could not make use of it, neither would it be good for anything, save Cloutt Leather.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 31e
Currier's terms
Terms used in the Curriers Art.
Scouring or Washing.
Shaveing, is the taking down of the thickness of the Leather.
Oyling or Liquoring.
Drying.
Rowling and Beating, is the beating it on the Pin block.
Scowering, is to cleanse it with scowring.
Colouring, is to make it either black, red, yellow, blew, &c.
Graining, is to work it into rounds and squares by making small Crevices or Veins in the surface of the skin.
Slickening, is to make the Leather smooth and bright as if it shined.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 32a
Slaughtering terms
Terms used by Butchers in their Slaughtering.
Strike down, is the term of killing an Ox or Cow which is giving him a blow or two on the Forehead with the round end of the Ax.
Kill, or Slaughter Sheep, or Calf.
Slaughter-House, the place where they kill their Meat.
Shambles, the place where Butchers Meat is Sold and Bought.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 32b
Butchery terms
Butchers Terms for the several Parts and Joynts in a Cow, or Ox. In the Farther Quarter. In the Hinder Quarter.
The several Parts or Joynts of a Sheep or Calfe.
In the Farther Quarter.
In the Hinder Quarters.
Joynts, or parts of a Boar, Swine or Hogg.
Farther Quarter.
Hinder Quarters.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33a
Smith's terms
Terms used by Smiths in their Trade.
Blow up the Fire, is to make the Fire Burn, some say blow up the Coals.
Not Feel the weight of the Hammer, is when the Iron is so cold that it will not beat forth.
Red Sear, is when the Iron is too hot, that it breaks or cracks under the Hammer in working between hot and cold.
An Heat, is when the Iron is made of the colour of the Fire.
Blood red Heat, is when the Iron wants a little hammering to smooth it.
Flame or white Heat, is when it is ready to the forming of that thing it is intended for.
Welding or a Sparkling heat, is when it is to joyn with another peece of Iron.
Tew, is to Batter or draw out a peece of Iron.
Double up, is the laying of one peece of Iron on another, by turning the end up, and working it into one so lid peece.
Up-set, is when at a heat the Iron is beaten back into the Body of the work; this is often done when a thing is made too thin, or too narrow.
Seat Rod, or Punch Rod; is With or Wreathen stick turned about the Head of a fire punch to hold it on the hot Iron, while it is striking through or making a hole in it.
Forgeing, is beating out hot Iron into any shape.
Brazing, is Sodering of two peeces of Iron together or the edged of any round thing, as a Hoope.
Loam, is a kind of mixture of Clay and Horse-dung, which is put about any peece of Iron that is to be sodered.
Cold Chissel, are all sorts of Chissels used to cut cold Iron.
Cold Punch, is such as is used to punch holes through cold Iron.
Punching, is making a hole in any peece of Iron with a Punch.
Rivetting, is the battering of an Iron shank or pin, so that it fall not out of the hole it is put into.
Drill, is to bore a hole with an Instrument called a Drill.
Hammer-Harden, is hardning Iron or Steel with much beating it with a Hammer, the Iron being cold.
Screw, is a spindle of Iron cut into a Wreath.
Thrid of a Screw, is that part as stands up.
Grove of a Screw, is the hollow or sinking part between the Thrids.
Worm in a great Screw.
Nut, is the Screw box in which the Screw turneth.
Twisting of Iron, is the wreathing of a square bar when it in a flame Heat.
Case Hardening, is the Hardning of Iron after the work upon it is finished: by heating it red hot and quenching it in Water, or by quenching it in Chamberley or White-wine Vinegar wherein Bay Salt and the Powder of a Cows horn hath been put.
Nealing of Steel, is to make it soft, that it may File or be Engraven upon; is by heating it red hot, and let it coole.
Hardning or Tempering of Steel, is quenching it in Water being red hot.
Let it down, is the making of a Steel spring softer if it be too hard.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33b
Farrier
The Farrier. This is a Kindsman of the Black-smith, and therefore may well succeed him: his is described by either Blooding, Shooing, or Dressing of the Wounded back of a Horse: and sometime by giving him a Drench or Drink out of a Horn.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33c
Farrier's terms
Terms used by the Farrier as to Horse-Shooing.
Pare the Hoofe.
Unperfect Hoofe.
Broad Hoofe and Brittle Hoofe, or having a Raggedness on the out sides.
Long Hoofe.
Crooked Hoofe.
Pomise, of Flat Hoofe.
Hollow and over Hollow Hoofe.
Hoofe Worne.
Seat the Shooe, fit it to the Foot.
The Seat of the Shooe, that part of the Hoof where the Shooe is set on the Hoofe.
Well seated Shooe, is well placed on the Hoof.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33d
Horseshoes
Parts of an Horse-Shooe.
Horse-Shooe.
Crest.
Calkin or Caukin Shooe, having tangs at the ends.
Spur.
Trim Light Shooe, is a Light Shooe. Middle size Shooe. An heavy Shooe.
False quarter shooe, is such as have a shoulder in the in-side of the shooe, to keep it from lying on a weak or sore heel.
Lunett, or shooe without heel parts, made to secure weak heels.
A False quarter shooe, with one heel part.
Hollow shooe, it is wrought so much outwards, that it toucheth no part of the Ball of the foot.
A shooe disbord without the hoof, is when it is broader out than the hoof.
Web of the shooe, is the breadth of the shooe. Broad Web. Narrow Web.
Welt of the shooe,
Welt of the shooe indented, made like the teeth of a Saw.
Sponges of the shooe.
Pearses, or Pearsed, is the holes in the shooe: Nail-holes.
Deep pearsed shooe, is when the holes of the shooe are made at a good distance from the outside, or near the middle of the shooe, which is often done for long hooft Horses.
Middle part of the Web, is taken to the inner part of shooe that compasses the sole.
Out side of a shooe, where the nail holes or pearsings be.
Imbossed side of a shooe.
Drive in the Nails, is to nail the shooe on the hoof.
Horse-shooe Nails, Nails with foursquare heads.
Frost Nails, with sharp pointed heads.
Button Nails, with round heads.
Stump, a Nail overworn in a Horse-shooe. Twitchings, ends of Horse-shooe Nails cut off. Some term them, Pinchings, because pinched and writhen off from the out side of the hoof with the Pincers.
Tallon Nail, is that Nail driven in the shooe towards the Horse heel.
Cut off the Nails, twist or writh of the ends with the Pincers.
Clinch the Nails, is to beat that part of the Nail which remains out of the Hoof (after the end is cut away) with a Hammer on the hoof, to return it bendingly into the hoof.
Hide the Clenches, the clinches hidden in the hoof, when they are so beaten into the hoof, that they cannot discern where the points of the Nail came through the hoof in the shooeing of the Horse.
Unclinching the shooe, is to beat those clinched ends of Nails up again out of the hoof, that the shooe may be taken of.
Pair the Hoof round, that is with a Rasp, Rasp of the hoof as much as exceeds the breadth of the shooe.
Shod round, when a Horse hath four new shooes set on; shooed round.
Shod half round, when two shooes are set on one side.
Shod behind,
Shod or shooed before.
Put on a Shooe.
A Remove, is when a shooe is taken off, and set on again with new Nails.
Removed round, when all the shooes are so set on again.
Rough shod, when the Nails are not yet worn that holds on the shooes.
Hoof bound, is when the shooe is nailed too stret on the hoof.
Cast a shooe, is when the Horse looseth his shooe in Travel or otherwise.
Smooth shod, when the Nails are worn smooth.
Frosted, when the shooes are put on with Frost Nails.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33e
Farriers, horse medicine
Terms of Art used by Farriers about the Cure of Horses,
Accipium, is a kind of Drench, and an Ointment, used about Horses.
Anodyna, or Liogs, are compositions of Simples to ease pains.
Baths, warm Waters to wash and bath Horses Limbs when stiff and benummed, or places for Horses to swim and wash themselves in.
Cauterize, is to Burn the sore place with a hot Iron. Corrode, Burning hot sores. Inflamed sores.
Corrosives, Compositions made for Burnings; burning compositions.
Causticks, a Medicine that Burneth, which is used when a Disease cannot otherwise be mastered.
Conglutinate, to glew or set together.
Curtail, a Docking or cutting the Horse tail shorter.
Cordial, a Drink to cherish a Horse.
Crustick Medicines, strong Medicines inclining to Fire.
Drenches, Drinks or Mashes given to Horses to cleanse them.
Diapente, a composition made of five Simples.
Dissolve, to make soft and supple that place which is hard or swelled.
Docking, see Curtails.
Fumigations, a smoaking, or operating through smoaky Perfumes.
Frictions, is the chafing and rubbing and fretting of any grieved place.
Incise, the cutting into Sores with a Knife or Lancet.
Launce, to cut open a swelling, or make a passage for corruption to issue forth.
Lyogs, see Anodyna.
Mundifie, cleanse.
Mollifie, make soft.
Narcotica, a composition of Simples to cause sleep; benumming.
Putrifaction, corruption.
Putrifactive Medicines, such as corrupt the complexion of a Member; or such as takes away dead Flesh as Carbuncles, Cankers, ulcers.
Purgation with Glisters.
Rowelling of horses, is putting of hair rings through the Horse skin to draw out Corruption.
Repercusive Medicines, are such as drive back humours.
Sorance, is any sort of sore in Horses.
Sellander, or Seliander a kind of dry scab in the ham of a Horse hinder Leg.
Sarcotica, compositions of Simples that incarnate or breed flesh.
The terms of Horse Diseases and things concerning them, are formerly set in lib.2. c.7. numb.113 [not transcribed].
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33f
Jeweller's tools
The Jewellers Working Instruments.
| Gravers of all sorts large and small | Wax Box |
| Flat Scalper | Using Stone |
| Half round Scalper | Corn Tongs |
| Round Scalper | Flint Morter |
| Plyers both flat and round | Inamell Grinder, or Muller, or Pestel |
| Sheers | Inamelling Point |
| Forging Hammer | Inamelling Bridge |
| Pinning or Rivetting Hammer | Inamelling Tongs, Inamelling Plate |
| Setting Hammer | Sothering Coal |
| Dividers | Blew Inamel solid |
| Compasses | White Inamell |
| Painting Pencills small and larger | Green Inamell, Yellow Inamell &c. |
| Cleansing Pencill | Blew Inamell transparent |
| Brush | White, &c. |
| Pollishing Brush | Foiles of all colours |
| Scratch Brush | Tripillo |
| Rough Polishing Stone | Pumice |
| Smooth Polishing Stone | Brimstone |
| Trippilo or Pollishing Stick | Borax |
| Crucible | Salt Peter |
| Boiling Pan | Mercury |
| Simmon Stick | Puttey |
| Muffler | Sandifer |
| Wax Stick | Salt |
[Section of text found in the manuscript copy but scored through and subsequently not included in the printed volume. Harleian MS2031, f. 165, after Jeweller's working tools.]
The Goldsmiths working tooles, or Silver smiths.
a fforge & Bellows,
an Anvile, & fforging tonges,
a forging hammer,
a crucible, or Melting pots of all sizes & bignesses,
an Ingott, to poure melted silver or gold into,
a Bick Iron,
a Swage, or a screwed swage,
a Bow Anvile, & a raising anvile,
a Spoon & Anvile,
Tonges & corbing tonges,
a pair of plyers, & round plyers,
a pair of sheers,
a sharp nosed hand vice,
an hand vice round nosed,
a wooden voce, or tonges,
a spoone hamer, with a round face, to hollow a peece of plate,
a raising hammer,
a small revitting hammer,
a useing ffile, & ffiles of all sorts big & little rough & smooth shutable to their worke,
a Grasse Axe,
a Blow pipe & the Borax box,
Gravers of all sorts, straight & crooked
a steele Burnisher & a ston burnisher,
a Lampe, or large candle for soddering of small things charcoale
scales, or gold weights, or ballances,
a Box of weights,
a pile of wights in a cover or working table with ---- [blank]
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33g
Jeweller's terms
Terms of Art used by Goldsmiths and Jewellers.
Melting the Gold in a Crucible, some call it Smelting.
Casting it into a Langet.
Forging, beating it into a Form as the Workman will.
Planishing
Turning up, the raising or turning a part of it, as in the turning up of the shanks of Rings, or Collets and Bizells.
Sodering,
Shank, is that part as compaseth the Finger, the Ring part.
Jesning, is fitting the Stone into the Collett.
Cramping the Collets together.
Mounting, is fixing the Colletts all together to the shank of the Ring.
Filing, or Filing up.
Graving the shanks of the Ring, and Scallops or Musells on the sides of the Colletts.
Clearing and Boiling.
Inamelling, is laying on of the Colours. Enamelling.
Nailing, is burning the Inamell colours, to make them soder and stick to the Graving.
Using off, is the clearing of the Inamell of the work.
Graining, is the making of little pearls or heads at the foot of the scallops of the Colletts.
Boyling off,
Putting in the Simmon.
Fitting the Stones.
Laying in the Foil, which is to make the Stone to make a Luster according to the colour of the Foil.
Setting the Stone.
Cutting the Cressants about the Bissell, or top of the Collett, which being turned down, holds the Stone fast in; they are cut into Cressants or Escallops.
Polishing it, making it bright, clear and Lustrous.
Veeving, is rubbing the Ring with Cork. Veiving.
Waffing, is clearing the Stones from Dust with a Pencill.
Slat-ing of Inamell, is taking Inamell off a Ring, and Inamelling it with another colour.
Masticking, is setting a Black between the Stones to set them off.
Finishing.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33h
Needle types
The Needle Maker.
Sorts of Needles
Pearl Needle, is the least size of Needles.
The first, second, and third sort of Needles, according to their sizes; so numbred till you come to ten.
Ordinary Needles.
Bush Lane Needles.
Glovers Needles have square points.
Book Binders Needles are long and round point.
Sow-Gelders Needles are flat pointed.
Chyrurgions Needles are the same, flat pointed.
Pack Needles, crooked at the point, and some flat, others three square; others with a Back and Edge (like a Knife) at point.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33i
Cutler
The Cutlers Trade. He beareth a Cutler at his Glassier or polishing Wheel, polishing of a Knife upon it.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33j
Sword types
Several sorts of Weapons under the Notion of Swords.
A Sword, the general term of all Cutting Weapons by which Mans Life is taken away.
A Back Sword, having an edge on one side.
A Two Edged Sword, edged on both sides.
A Waved Sword, the Blade being uneven.
A back Rapier.
A Rapier, with two edges.
A Tuck, a four square Blade.
A Hanger, or Back Fauchion.
A Scimitar or Turks Fauchion.
A Hunting Hanger, some have a kind of Saw on the Back.
A Cuttoo, is a small Hanger.
A Dagger, or short Sword.
A Skean, or Irish Dagger, it is broad at the handle, and goes taper all along to the point.
A Bagonett, a Granadeers Dagger, to thrust into the Mussel of his Firelock.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33k
Cutler's terms
Terms used by the Cutler.
A Forger, is him that makes Sword and Knife Blades.
A Grinder, is him that works them out of the rough.
A Temperer, is him that brings it to its right temper.
A Furberer, that polisheth and makes them up.
Burnish, to make bright.
Frubish or Furbish, to clean a Sword Blade, and take all rusty spots out of it.
Glase, to put a gloss upon a Blade or Hilt, of what colour is desired.
Repairing, a mending or furbishing up of an old Sword.
Punching, to make hollow or make holes in the Hilt.
Chaifing, to make devises on the Hilt.
Hatching, is to Silver or gild the Hilt and Pomell of a Sword or Hanger.
Damasking, is to inlay a Hilt and Pomell with Silver, Gold, Copper or Tin.
Sanguining, is to make it of a pure Purple colour.
Varnishing, is to anoint it with some Oil or Spirit, to keep it from Rust.
Scabbard, is the Case for either Sword, Rapier, or Fauchion.
Sheath, is the cover for a Dagger, Skean or Knife.
False Scabbard, a Leather case to draw over it. Draw out the Scale.
Rasp it even.
Lining of the Scabbard, is the Linnen or Woollen Cloth in the innerside of the Scabbard.
Bind it up and glew it, is to tye the two sides of the scale when lined, together, the Blade being between.
Cover it with Leather.
A Chape, is the Iron socket fastned at the end of the Scabbard or Sheath.
Hook and Socket, set at the top of the Scabbard to hang it by at the Belt. Joyning of it up.
Mounting of the Sword, which is either well or ill; well mounted when the Point upon the Welding or Brandishing of it, is not too heavy for the Hilt and Pomell, but equally balanced; ill mounted when either is weightier than other, therefore it it, that a long and weighty blade require an heavy Pomell.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33l
Plumber
He beareth a Plummer, having a Ladle full of melted Lead, and pouring it into a Mould set at his feet.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33m
Plumber's terms
Plummers Terms of Art:
A Pig or Sow of Lead.
Melt it in the Furnace; some say Smelt it.
Put it into the Pan.
Plain the Mould, make the Sand smooth.
Set the Mould.
Cast it over, turn it out of the Pan upon the casting Frame.
Follow it with the strickles.
Catches, the waste Lead.
Cut off the catches, cut it from the sheet.
A Sheet of Lead.
Selvage or edge of the Lead.
A Joynt in the Lead, where two edges meet together.
Soder a Joint, is to make them one.
Burn a Joynt.
A Shem, is when two edges are turned one over the other.
A Crack or Flaw, when the Lead is not well cast.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33n
Card maker
He beareth a Card-Maker, seated upon a Block, with a Board on his Knees, setting of a Card Leaf.
Back to Text & Pictures
Chapter 3, Item 33o
Cardmaker's terms
Terms of Art used in the way of Card-making.
The Pattern.
Open the Wyre.
Head the Wyer, beat the ends all even together.
Cut the Wyre.
Double the Wyre.
Crook the Card teeth.
Card Teeth.
The Leaf, the Leather to set the Teeth in.
Pricking the Leaf, is making holes in the Leather, into which the teeth are put.
Setting the teeth.
Nailing the Leaf.
Paring of the Card.
Stoning of it, is burnishing of it.
The Lifts, are the narrow pieces of Leather which are Nailed about to hold the Leaf on the Board.
Cutting of the Lifts, is to make it even and streight, and cut off the ends.
A Card, when it is all finished; of which there are several sorts.
Wool Cards have close short Teeth.
Flax Cards, have longer and wider Teeth.
Stock Cards, are large Boards, one being fastned to a form, and the other by a top handle, is drawn with both hands.
Back to Text & Pictures
